Cirque Free Essays

Performers tend to have short racers: the attrition rate Is about 20 per cent a year, whether through Injury or simply deciding It is time to retire. How do you renew the talent pool? The solution. Thirty talent scouts are listed on the Cirque website, and many of them are specialists In specific skills, such as sling or gymnastics and acrobatics. We will write a custom essay sample on Cirque or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sources of recruits Include the Olympic Games, the Mongolia State Circus and world championship athletics competitions. Auditions, described by Cirque a â€Å"treasure hunting†, are demanding and can last up to two days. After Minimal screening, potential secrets must demonstrate not just technical proficiency but range. After a long audition, dancers must then show their acting, improvisation and singing skills. Once identified as â€Å"Cirque people†, performers’ names are added to the Cirque database to await a suitable role. Then the hard work really starts: they are drilled in their new craft at â€Å"boot camps† for up to four months before their first performance. Nevertheless, the Cirque â€Å"immersion programmer† aims to bring out the best in an individual. Key to the transformation process are mentors – veterans who guide new artists and get to know them. Cirque describes itself as a â€Å"family†, a â€Å"band of brothers†. Reinvention is a constant theme. Having redefined the traditional â€Å"big top† circus in the 1 sass, Mr.. Illiberal © keeps audiences loyal and attracts new ones by always offering something different. In the 2006 show Love, Cirque du Sole performs to the music of The Battles. A collaboration between Cirque, producer George Martin – â€Å"the fifth Battle† – and his son Giles, Love is still running at The Mirage in Lass Vegas. A new production is nearly always under way. Each show looks for a new theme, so the repertoire ranges from aquatics (O) to The Battles (Love) to martial arts (KS). The lessons. Managers must plan ahead. Hence, scouts are always sourcing new recruits In order to fill anticipated skills gaps. New techniques are developed constantly. Revealingly, acrobat mentor And © Similar, whose innovations Include a new safety line for aerial acrobatics, is not called creative director but research and development specialist. The focus Is also on constantly devising new content In the form of new themes and concepts. For Instance, for K, Mr.. Albert © asked Robert Leafage, the playwright, director and actor, to craft a show around martial arts. The company develops new products (shows) all the time. Because a show takes so long to create – recruiting performers, devising music, costumes and Infrastructure – It looks ahead to develop tomorrows performers and staging today. Cirque By appending audience, Cirque must do two things: continue to come up with spectacular ideas; careers: the attrition rate is about 20 per cent a year, whether through injury or imply deciding it is time to retire. How do you renew the talent pool? The specialists in specific skills, such as singing or gymnastics and acrobatics. Sources of recruits include the Olympic Games, the Mongolia State Circus and world hunting†, are demanding and can last up to two days. After initial screening, potential recruits must demonstrate not Just technical proficiency but range. After a long artists and get to know them. Cirque describes itself as a â€Å"family’, a â€Å"band of circus in the asses, Mr.. Illiberal © keeps audiences loyal and attracts new ones by he repertoire ranges from aquatics (O) to The Battles (Love) to martial arts (K). The in order to fill anticipated skills gaps. New techniques are developed constantly. Revealingly, acrobat mentor And © Similar, whose innovations include a new safety development specialist. The focus is also on constantly devising new content in the form of new themes and concepts. For instance, for K, Mr.. Illiberal © asked Robert to create – recruiting performers, devising music, costumes and infrastructure – it How to cite Cirque, Papers

Marketing and Management Co-operative Dairies

Question: Discuss about the Marketing and Management Co-operative Dairies. Answer: Introduction The Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited is owned by the cooperative dairy companies and by the farmers of the country. The establishment of the company happened in 2001 after the deregulation that was done by the government. This helped in merging the largest dairy companies of New Zealand, which were New Zealand Dairy Group and Kiwi Co-operative Dairies. The company now has its presence felt in more than hundred companies and is one of the largest exporters of dairy in the world. The headquarters of the company is located in Auckland, New Zealand and has more than thirty manufacturing sites, which is distributed around the country. The company currently employs around 22,000 employees who work for the organization and helps the company to achieve the desired targets (McGiven, 2016). Products of the company The company collects milk from the suppliers who are mainly the farmers and consumes around 17 billion litres every year, which is about 87 percent of the production of milk in New Zealand. It also acquires 4.9 billion litres milk from outside the country through various farmers and the joint ventures that the company has with others. The milk is then processed and made in to various products, which varies from milk powder to ice cream. The products are then packaged and distributed across the country and on a global scale. It is seen that the developing countries are more inclined towards high nutrition and brands that are associated with health and prefer the products such as Anlene and Anmum. The developed countries prefer products like Anchor and Tip Top, which can be differentiated by its taste. The other products that are produced by Fonterra are Calci Yum, Country Soft, De Winkel, Fresh n Fruity, Galaxy, Ferndale, Primo and Kapiti to name a few. The company manufactures variou s dairy products that include milk, butter, ice cream, bread, cheese, yoghurt, and milk powder (Sneddon et al., 2015). Vision The vision of the company is to provide nutrition that is gained by dairy naturally to everybody, everyday and anywhere. Mission The mission of the company is to expand its operation globally and identify the areas that have high values for demand in milk so that the company can easily achieve the targets. Goals The goal of the company is to build strong relationships, which will last for a long-term with the partners and maintain the operations from the bottom level of the organization. Objective The objective of the company is to increase the sales volume and creating more values by identifying new markets where it can operate and meet the needs of the consumers with respect to requirements in dairy (Addison Esar, 2013). Environmental Scanning: SWOT Analysis Strengths The company has a very steady and secured supply of milk from the various farmers in New Zealand. The farmers have the trust in the company because of the long-standing relationship that the company maintains with the stakeholders. The company has merged with other dairy companies that is present in New Zealand so that the supply chain of the company can be increased and the resources that are available in the other companies can be utilized fully (Langford, 2013). Since, the customers of New Zealand consume large quantities of dairy products, it helps the company to sell easily the products that they are manufacturing. The company hires staffs that are best suited for the job in the company. The employees are allotted the jobs that they are qualified enough to carry out and put their expertise in full effect. This way the company does the management of the employees easily (Harris Gibb, 2016). Weakness The company maintains a good relationship with the farmers who supply them the milk for manufacturing the different products. The competitors can offer a better price for the milk and cancel the contract that the farmers and suppliers have with Fonterra (Langford, 2013). The merges that the company made with the two different companies has made the overlapping of the resources that the company has. This has made the efficiency of the employees to decline and is seen in the production process of the company. The infrastructure and the relocation of the manufacturing sites are taking heavy tolls from the point of view of the company. As the raw materials are perishable in nature, the dependence on the climate and the ecology is a major factor for the company as they are too reliable on it. These factors play a major role in hampering the productivity level of the company (Harris Gibb, 2016). Opportunities Since, the company has goodwill in different countries across the globe; the entry to new markets will not create any barrier for them. This will help the company to gain access in any market that they want to target (Langford, 2013). The World Trade Organization (WTO) through various negotiations has made the cost lower from the viewpoint of the suppliers, which helps the company to purchase the raw materials at a cheaper price. The company can increase the brand identity by having a clean green image, which will add more values to its products in front of the customers. This image will help the company in selling more products and maximizing its profits (Harris Gibb, 2016). Threats The company while going global may face competition from the local suppliers where they will increase the cost of the raw materials so that the company cannot purchase it. In this way, the local companies will restrict the entry of Fonterra in the market. The competitors who supply dairy products on a local scale may take a global approach, which will hamper the sales activity of Fonterra (Langford, 2013). The media and the legal formalities of some countries are very complicated, which will make the company to delay in their activities of producing the products in that country. The company needs to rely on the exchange rates of the currency that they wish to gain entry. Since, the rates fluctuate on a daily basis the company will have to change the prices of the products accordingly, which will make them in having a negative brand image in front of the customers (Harris Gibb, 2016). PESTEL Analysis: Political The government of the country has issued guidelines to have a healthy diet by consuming more dairy products. The company will have more potential in the exporting market due to the new trade agreements that has taken place in the country with the company. There has been an increase in the tension between the political parties and the trade agreements between New Zealand and the other countries, which may hamper the sales of the company. The overseas network has increased the tariffs on the imported goods, which has enabled the local companies to thrive (Patemoster, 2015). Economical The recessions and the financial meltdown on a global scale has seen a decrease in the demand of the exported goods. The constant change in the exchange rates affects the company positively or negatively. The exports of the goods may become cheaper or expensive depending on the rates of other countries. The interest rates in the country are very high, which directly affects the farmers who supply milk to the company. It can restrict the investments on a long-term, which will result in low productivity of the company (Pham Duy Chau, 2015). Socio-cultural The increase or decrease in the birth rate and the life expectancy of the people in the domestic and overseas market will affect the sale of milk products for the company. A number of people are being able to identify that they are lactose intolerant, which affects the sales of the company. The consumers are increasingly changing their tastes and behavioral pattern that is they are shifting their focus from milk products to fruits and drinking herbal teas (Lee et al., 2012). Technological The improvements in infrastructure with respect to transportation will see an increase in the products to be circulates at a reduced cost. This will help in satisfying the customers and decrease the amount of wastage and shrinkage for the company. The company can use innovative ideas in packaging their products so that the USP of the company is maintained in the markets (Pham Duy Chau, 2015). Environmental The company is heavily dependent on the weather. If there are any natural disasters, which results in flooding or any other disasters can affect the health of the cows resulting in poor quality of milk. The cattle may be introduced to diseases or pests, which may affect the milk quality and cause deaths in the herd. The company needs to see that the milk that is being used is from the cows that are free of diseases (Patemoster, 2015). Legal The Health and Safety in Employment Act has been amended, which will affect the workers in the farm heavily. The Dairy Industry Restructuring Agreement ensures that the farmers are free to join and leave the company and sees that the price paid for the milk is fair. The company is bounded under Raw Milk Regulations, which sees that a certain portion of the milk is available to the local processors and has the right to access the financial information of the company (Lee et al., 2012). Five Forces of Porter: New Entrants Since the government has deregulated the market structure in the country, it makes the nation a member of the free trade economy. This will attract the foreign companies, which will give stiff competition to the company. The new participants have a global exposure, which will increase the price of the shares of Fonterra in the export market (Peet, 2012). Supplier Fonterra has a long-term relationship with the farmers of the company, which helps them in getting the fresh supply of the milk from them. In this way, the company has an advantage of purchasing the milk at a lower cost on a global scale as well. This gives an opportunity to the company to produce the products at a cheaper cost and maximize its profits (Pangbom, 2012). Buyer The buyers play an important role in the market as they create the demands for the products. The company recently has been facing fluctuations in the prices because of the constant change in the supply and demand of the dairy products. The company has introduced a sales technique, which is online so that the buyers do not have to go to the stores to purchase the products, instead it can be delivered to their place (Peet, 2012). Substitutes The company deals in dairy products, which is manufactured naturally. However, there are substitutes for this product such as soya milk and others, which affect the sales of the company. The change in the taste of the consumers has seen a decrease in the consumption of dairy product and an increasing shift to the substitutes (Cernusca, Gold Godsey, 2012). Rivalry The company has seen stiff competition from the companies like Nestle and Kraft, which deals with the same products as of Fonterra. This has resulted in a downward shift of the profit for the company. Fonterra has merged with two other companies but that is not stopping the competitors from gaining profits on a global scale as the free trade economy has given access to the competitors to increase the sales and maximize the volume of profit (Pangbom, 2012). The three strategies adopted by Fonterra The company needs to adopt three new strategies so that the future of the company is secure. The strategies will be: i) Infrastructure for producing milk on a global scale ii) Value-added service iii) Satisfying the stakeholders. The first strategy is needed because in developed countries like United States of America (USA), the company just markets the products, which are produced by some other companies present there on a local level. They do not match up to the quality that Fonterra produces, which results in the loss for the company. The company needs to set up their own plant in these countries, which will require some time. It will benefit the company as they can directly produce the product and inspect the quality of it. They need to identify the stakeholders who will lend all their support to the company so that the company does not face any problem in setting up the plant (Evans, 2012). The second strategy that the company can use is to create values by systematically producing large amount of products with the help of a proper value chains and shifting more products in that segment, which helps in gaining more profit for the company. The resources that will be required in this will be to process the raw material that is the milk in to various commodities and ingredients. The risk involved in it will be the time factor and the innovation through the technologies. The company needs to see if the target market is ready to accept the product or not by giving out few samples. If the reaction is good, then the company can produce the products on a large scale (McDowell Nash, 2012). The third strategy needs to be implemented because the perception that the company has in front of the public cannot be hampered. It will take some time to focus on the issue, but the signs are on a positive note. The resources will be to maintain a clean communication patter with the stakeholders through proper calls and emails. This will ensure that the stakeholders are well informed about the changes that are happening in the company (Evans, 2012). Strategy chosen for the future The strategy that needs to be taken up by the company for its benefit is the first one that is infrastructure for producing milk in the global market. The Demand for Dairy is growing at a speed 2.7 % percent annually and the anticipated growth is subjected to increase to 147 billion liters of growth over a decade. Moreover, it is important for Fonterra to expand their business operations globally and make possible infrastructure in countries where there is a huge demand of Dairy Products. The Two Smart Objectives of Fonterra while expanding their business operations must be Innovation Sustainability. Innovation in the product line and quality will make their Dairy Products accepted across the world and it will provide them a basic opportunity to increase their sale and earn sufficient revenues. Whereas, Sustainability in their business actions are one of the objectives that is to be implemented efficiently by Fonterra while setting up infrastructure of producing milk in the global market place (Ghezzi et al., 2015). ACTION PLAN Proposed Action Timeframes Milestones Deadlines Setting up of Plant 90 Days Building Proper Infrastructure 4 Month Availability of Raw Material 15 Days Increase in Production 1 Month Logistics 10 Days Ease of Transportation 15 Days Marketing 7 Days Customer Awareness 2 Weeks Revenue 30 Days Generation of Profit 2 Month The business plan will be effective enough to understand and address the resource requirements and with the help of available budget, Fonterra must set up a plant where there is large accessibility of people by which they can acquire cheap labor and proper facilities for acquisitions of raw materials. Fonterra must gain competitive advantage in the market place by making their products according to the taste and preference of their customer base in their chosen country that will provide them to ensure satisfaction to their consumers and increase the sale of the Dairy Products (Pedersen America, 2015). Moreover, there is always a possibility of risk associated while expanding business operations worldwide such as political unrest, economical pressure and local pressure. Fonterra while expanding their business must address all the following factors and should take proper measures to tackle all the situations positively. The contingency plan of the organization is to develop a market research team before setting up any plant in an area that will give them the opportunity to address the potential demand of the market before investing in it. After expanding their business globally, Fonterra should appoint employees to monitor and review their business operations weekly as to identify the possible outcomes of the actions. The outcomes then must be rectified with the objectives of the business and the changes will take prior effect. The most important step while expanding the business is that Fonterra needs to obey and maintain all the following documentations and approval of countries while expansion. Each country has set of different rules for foreign organization that is to be taken into consideration by Fonterra (Stahl, Pless Maak, 2013). Conclusion After completing the report, it can be concluded that the company needs to adopt the strategy to enhance its business in the global market. this will ensure that the company can get good returns on the investment that it will make in the countries. Since, the company focuses on marketing their products rather than manufacturing it, they need to build their brand image in the eyes of the public. The setting up of the plant needs to be done in consultation with the stakeholders present there, which would help the company to smoothly carry out the infrastructural process. References Addison, J., Esar, E. (2013). Chairpersons Report.Newsletter. Cernusca, M. M., Gold, M. A., Godsey, L. D. (2012). Elderberry market research Evans, L. (2012). Cooperatives in New Zealand: the particular case of dairy. Ghezzi, A., Cavallaro, A., Rangone, A., Balocco, R. (2015, April). A Comparative Study on the Impact of Business Model Design Lean Startup Approach versus Traditional Business Plan on Mobile Startups Performance. InICEIS (3)(pp. 196-203). Harris, C., Gibb, J. (2016). Strategies to Prepare and Plan for Market Shocks: A Study from New Zealand Businesses.Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability,12(1), 77. Langford, W. (2013). Operating mechanics of New Zealands four main rural retail businesses. Lee, J. M., Matthew, C., Thom, E. R., Chapman, D. F. (2012). Perennial ryegrass breeding in New Zealand: a dairy industry perspective.Crop and Pasture Science,63(2), 107-127. McDowell, R. W., Nash, D. (2012). A review of the cost-effectiveness and suitability of mitigation strategies to prevent phosphorus loss from dairy farms in New Zealand and Australia.Journal of Environmental Quality,41(3), 680-693. McGiven, A. (2016). The Future Opportunities and Challenges for one of the World's Largest Dairy Export Firms: Fonterra in New Zealand.The Journal of Applied Business and Economics,18(3), 16. Pangborn, M. (2012).Growth and innovation in the Canterbury dairy industry(Doctoral dissertation, Lincoln University). Paternoster, S. (2015). Arla Foods seizing opportunities in Chile. Pedersen, R., America, F. N. (2015, February). Becoming Globally Relevant: Sourcing Dairy from Around the World. InAgricultural Outlook Forum 2014(No. 205073). United States Department of Agriculture. Peet, J. R. (2012). Comparative policy analysis: Neoliberalising New Zealand.New Zealand Geographer,68(3), 151-167. Pham Duy, Q., Chau, T. (2015). A strategic market research for Valio LTD.: Vietnamese powdered milk market analysis. Sneddon, N. W., Lopez-Villalobos, N., Hickson, R. E., Shalloo, L., Garrick, D. J. (2015). Estimation of crossbreeding effects on yields of dairy products and value of milk processed in different product portfolios. InProceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production(Vol. 75). Stahl, G. K., Pless, N. M., Maak, T. H. O. M. A. S. (2013). Responsible global leadership.Global leadership: Research, practice, and development, 240-259.

Chapterhouse Dune Essays - Dune Novels, Chapterhouse Dune

Chapterhouse Dune At first, Chapterhouse: Dune (a sequel of Dune) by Frank Herbert is confusing. It is almost necessary to read Dune, or watch the movie. I hadn't read Dune before I had started this book, and I was totally confused. I thought about putting the book down, but then I rented Dune. Everything suddenly cleared up. Suddenly, Chapterhouse: Dune became the greatest book I have ever read. The Dune universe is much more complex than most science fiction universes; such as Star Trek. It is filled with alien (human) races, technology that might someday be invented, and a story line that encompasses some 50,000 years. That is one huge feature about Chapterhouse: Dune, there is a history that you can learn about from other Dune books. Unlike in other science fiction books, where the back story is the back cover. Another thing that makes Chapterhouse: Dune more complex and more intriguing than other titles are the characters. Frank Herbert writes in a way that you can't truly get a grasp on their persona. Such as Scytale, who is a Mentat. A Mentat is a human computer, able to calculate immense problems, and have the ability to have a thing called Other Memory. Other Memory is where memories of other people before them are implanted into their brain. It is very hard to explain; you would have to read more about it. Scytale since he is a Mentat, strives to attain information. But it is hard for him to achieve this goal. Scytale is a prisoner on Chapterhouse for being of aid to the Jews. He was ordered to be held there by Ordade, the Mother Superior. Mother Superior is the leader of the Bene Gesserit; the last remnants of the Old Empire. She is tough to understand. She is compassionate in her own little way, yet totally feared by all. She too, has Other Memory, but of past Mother Superiors. A thing that I really liked about Chapterhouse: Dune is the realistic conflicts. The most obvious one is the battle between the Bene Gesserit and the Honored Matres. The Honored Matres are lead by a bloodthirsty, extremely violent man known only as the Great Honored Matre. The Honored Matres were formed 1,500 years ago after The Scattering. The Scattering occurred when the emperor Leto II died after his 3,500-year-old rule. There is one thing that I found a bit lacking in Chapterhouse: Dune, the setting. There is only one, and that is the problem. The whole story is based on one massive complex known as Chapterhouse. Chapterhouse is the primary headquarters of the Bene Gesserit. It is located on the planet of Arrakis, also known as Dune. In my humble opinion, Chapterhouse: Dune is very accurate in the depiction of the human mind and in the actuality of technology. Another thing that I found very intriguing is the fact that humans have actually evolved; while in other universes, we remain in the same form for all time. I strongly recommend Chapterhouse: Dune for anyone who actually has the time to read it. Chapterhouse: Dune is an extremely long book. I figure that if it were in normal paperback book size, it would be some eight hundred pages long. Chapterhouse: Dune was defiantly not aimed towards children. There are some very difficult words, some of which I could not even understand. I would not even recommend this book to most teenagers. I feel that this book was meant to be read by adults, and some enlightened teenagers (the likes of which are far ahead of their time).

Free Essays on Latin American Independence

Throughout history, there were many countries exploited by means of invasion. For example, Napoleons’ invasions, the Nazi rule over the Jewish race, and so on. Colonies that are no exception to this are the Latin America colonies. During the Age of colonization (1492- 1600), Europeans imposed many things on the Latin American territory that have had a long and devastating effect on the indigenous people. Europeans invaded and controlled much of South America and the Caribbean islands for means of trading, acquiring goods, and expanding their Christian religion through forced conversions. Resulting in an imposed foreign culture upon the already established civilizations that existed before their arrival. The indigenous people of South America, which included the Aztec, Olmec, Maya, and the Inca of South America, had developed complex civilizations which made use of calendars, writing, mathematics, astronomy, the arts, and advanced architecture. They had their own religious beli efs complete with their own Gods and rituals. Unfortunately for them, the Europeans cared little about the culture they would be obliterating, and cared more about their own ulterior motives. After many years of exploitation of these people, they finally decide to rebel. From the years 1807-1824, political and military movements ended colonial rule by Spain and Portugal over Mexico, Central America, and South America and gave birth to the modern independent nations of Latin America. There were many contributing factors that ultimately led to the uprising of Latin American colonies, but the ultimate reason why Latin America decided to attain independence was because they were tried of being oppressed by Europe and the Spanish Crown. In the following paragraphs, I will explain the causes of the movements of independence and prove that this was the uprising of an oppressed nation. One of the many causes of Latin American independence was of the resentment of low... Free Essays on Latin American Independence Free Essays on Latin American Independence Throughout history, there were many countries exploited by means of invasion. For example, Napoleons’ invasions, the Nazi rule over the Jewish race, and so on. Colonies that are no exception to this are the Latin America colonies. During the Age of colonization (1492- 1600), Europeans imposed many things on the Latin American territory that have had a long and devastating effect on the indigenous people. Europeans invaded and controlled much of South America and the Caribbean islands for means of trading, acquiring goods, and expanding their Christian religion through forced conversions. Resulting in an imposed foreign culture upon the already established civilizations that existed before their arrival. The indigenous people of South America, which included the Aztec, Olmec, Maya, and the Inca of South America, had developed complex civilizations which made use of calendars, writing, mathematics, astronomy, the arts, and advanced architecture. They had their own religious beli efs complete with their own Gods and rituals. Unfortunately for them, the Europeans cared little about the culture they would be obliterating, and cared more about their own ulterior motives. After many years of exploitation of these people, they finally decide to rebel. From the years 1807-1824, political and military movements ended colonial rule by Spain and Portugal over Mexico, Central America, and South America and gave birth to the modern independent nations of Latin America. There were many contributing factors that ultimately led to the uprising of Latin American colonies, but the ultimate reason why Latin America decided to attain independence was because they were tried of being oppressed by Europe and the Spanish Crown. In the following paragraphs, I will explain the causes of the movements of independence and prove that this was the uprising of an oppressed nation. One of the many causes of Latin American independence was of the resentment of low...

Monetary Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Monetary Economics - Essay Example Monetary Economic growth is generally thought of as one-dimensional and is measured by increase in income. Monetary Economic development involves structural and functional changes and appropriate system of money supply. In the absence of effective measures of the latter however, states of development are estimated by the growth of income. Ordinarily, levels of income and rates of increase are given on a per capita basis, to approximate measures of efficiency and welfare (Shin, 2005, 1117). There are broadly three periods in the early history of monetary economic thought. The first is the period of early industrialisation in Europe, the second is the period of industrial revolution in England, i.e. the period from about 1775 to 1832, and the third period falls in the third quarter of the nineteenth century when other countries like Germany and the United States began to catch up with Britain and finally overtook it as the leading industrial power of the world. But monetary economic development as a discipline comprising systematic and scientific study may be said to have developed over the last few decades (Hahn, 2001). According to Malthus, as long as the wage level is above a certain minimum w0/ population tend to grow very rapidly. Since the actual w never rises above w0/ any short-run increase of the wage is sufficient to provoke a large enough upsurge in population to bring the wage down to a minimum level. Thus, if once the whole world were inhabited, population would increase in an arithmetic ratio as resources do, and not show a tendency of increasing in a geometric ratio, and then there would be progress. But this progress would consist of a proportional increase in the total quantity of capital and the total number of workers. There would be no increase in the standard of living since by hypothesis, every increase in the living standards, i.e.

Internal and External Business Environments Research Paper

Internal and External Business Environments - Research Paper Example Answer of Question 1 The main five segments of the of the general business environment that tend to have significant effect on an industry and all the companies belonging to an industry (irrespective of the size and revenue) happens to be macro environmental forces in the form of political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental or better known as PESTLE. Although it is needless to say that all the factors are of great significance but as per the requirement of the study economic and social factors have been chosen as the two most significant forces to reckon with. The main reason for such choice is the fact that these two factors only affects the businesses & the industry but also have a close interrelation with the other forces and corresponding affect on the businesses and the industry (Porter, 1980). Economic factors The retail industry in U.S. happens to be second largest industry in the country. The industry is responsible for 12% of the overall employment of the country. Majority of the retail industry is dominated by the organized retail chains. The country has the presence of some f the major global retailers in the form of Wal-Mart (the largest in the world) followed by Kroger, Target, Best Buy, the Home Depot, etc. However, like many other industries the retail industry is also looking to combat the wrath of the 2008 economic downturns. The economic downturn coupled the high level of competition has meant that the growth rate of the industry is going to be slow as the economy is still going through a stage of downturn. The economic downturn has also increased the unemployment rate and reduced the disposable income which most certainly will continue be a reason for the slow growth rate. It is needless to say that Wal-Mart has been affected by the economic conditions just like any other retailers. However, there have been certain opportunities that have been available to the industry such as the free trade zone. Also in the year 2009, the retailer awarded benefits worth $2 billion that included bonuses, contributions, profit sharing and attractive merchandise discounts. Here it is to be noted that this was a move that was respected by the employees and the government also most of the retailers were looking to cut down on costs and employee benefits during that period of time. But from the perspective of growth it is to be said that the company needs to focus a lot more on the operations in the emerging economies. Simply because, the economy of Germany, UK, USA is matured in nature and provide very little opportunity for growth; On the contrary the emerging economies like India and china have a relatively un-taped market and hence would provide would provide a lot more opportunity for growth than some of the matured economies. Social Factors Off late the retail industry in the country has witnessed a paradigm of shift in the domain of consumer behavior. This actually has been an affect multiple factors. Due to th e environmental concern regarding global warming the customers have become a lot more environmental conscious and like to consume green products. Consumers have also become a lot of health conscious too. Also, as mentioned above the due to the economic downturn there has been a rise in the unemployment rate and dip in the disposable income of the people. Unlike earlier due the hectic and complex schedules and high fuel costs the people prefer to

The Structure Of Protein P53 Biology Essay

The Structure Of Protein P53 Biology Essay Protein p53, encoded by gene Tp53, is known as a tumor suppressor. Discovered in 1979 as a transformation-related protein (DeLeo et al., 1979) and protein which accumulates in the tumor cells binding with simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigens (Lane et al., 1979), p53 was regarded as an important protein in the regulation of an apoptosis and cancerization. During the last 30 years, a large amount of studies was taken in p53 and its related mechanisms in cellular process. In 1980s, researchers cloned the Tp53 gene and determined the role of p53 as a tumor suppressor. However, the structure of p53 protein was uncertain until 2006, in which William and his colleagues determined the DNA binding core domain of protein p53 (William. C. Ho. et al., 2006). Plenty of researches focus on the regulatory mechanism of p53 and hundreds types of targets and regulators of p53 were found, e.g. MDM2, Cyclin H, ATR, ATM, etc. These molecules can interact with p53 and regulate the life process collecti vely. P53 plays a very crucial role in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis induction, the mutation of p53 would lead to the cancerization in cells and induce cancer. Bai and Zhu (2006) reported that the mutation or loss of p53 gene and protein can be found in over 50% of tumor cells in human all around the world. For these reasons, the application of cancer therapy through protein p53 and Tp53 gene is a very potential aspect in cancer treatment. This review will describe the structure and function of p53 protein, examine its role in natural and tumor cells and focus on the cancer therapy application through p53. The Structure of P53 Human protein p53 is a 53KDa phosphoprotein encoded by a 20Kb-gene; it has an intricate structure which is closely related to its function. Wild-type P53 protein contains five major domains. The N-terminus of p53 is a transcription-activation domain (TAD), with a major one at residues 1-42 and a minor one at residues 55-75 (Venot et al., 1998). The basic function of this domain is involvement in the regulation of the pro-apoptotic transcription. Following the TAD is a proline-rich region which plays an important role in apoptotic activities. The central core of p53 protein is a DNA binding domain which can bind and interact with special DNA sequence that contain 2 copies of 10bp motif 5-PuPuPuC(A/T)-(T/A)GPyPyPy-3 (Kern et al., 1991). This region is also responsible for binding with LMO3, which is an essential co-repressor of p53 (Larsen et al., 2010). A nuclear localization signaling domain (NLS) is located beside the C-terminus of central core. The C-terminus domain of p53 protein, called negative regulatory domain is involved in the down regulation of DNA binding in central core (Chen, et al., 2005), and is also an essential part for the induction of cell death. A homo-oligomerisation domain (OD) located between the negative regulatory domain and NLS. This part is involved in tetramerization, which is a main activity for p53 in vivo. The different domains of p53 protein have their functions respectively, nevertheless, they constitute an inseparable entirety to play the role as a tumor suppressor. The function of p53 As a cancer suppressor, the main function of p53 is the anticancer function. P53 plays a vital role in apoptosis, gene stability and DNA damage through a series of complex mechanisms. First, p53 can respond to DNA damage through activating the DNA repair protein. For example, upon DNA damage, p53 gets activated and initiates the transcription of repair protein XPC and DDB2. The complex of p53-XPC-DDB2 can repair the DNA damaged by UV (Adimoolam and Ford, 2003). In addition, p53 can arrest the cell cycle at S, G1, and G2 phase (Agarwal et al., 1995), which can provide sufficient time for proteins repair to fix the damaged DNA. Induction of apoptosis, the programmed cell death, is also the essential and most important anti-cancer function of p53. If DNA damage is irreparable, p53 can activate the expression of pro-apoptosis genes like p21, Gadd45 (growth arrest and DNA-damageinducible protein 45), Bcl-2 family, etc. Moreover, p53 can bind and interact with hundreds of protein to regulate the cellular process and apoptosis. P53 can also restrain the cell cycle by repressing the expression of genes include bcl-2, bcl-X, cyclin B1, MAP4 and survivin (Bai and Zhu, 2006). The physiological functions of p53 are to maintain the genetic stability and regulate the normal cell cycle through a complex regulatory network. The mutation of Tp53 gene would lead to the loss of function of p53 protein, resulting in a cellular canceration. Consequently, the essential function of p53 is preventing the cancerization of cells by repairing genes or inducing apoptosis, in order to achieve these function, p53 can interact with a n umber of downstream targets. The Regulation in P53 Level A large amount of cellular response and process is induced by p53 through a series of complex biochemical mechanisms. P53 achieves its function through activating, binding, interacting with myriad kinds of downstream target molecules including kinase, enzymes, etc. Generally, p53 interacts with its target by phosphorylation of transcription-activation domain in N-terminus. The most well-known target of p53 is a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) p21. P53 would initiate the transcription and transduction of p21 in response to cellular stress, p21 is necessary in G1 control, the increase of p21 arrest the cell growth and induce cell death (Yin, et al., 1999). P53 and p21 contribute to a cell-cycle check point in G1 phase. The damaged genes would not be allowed to express until they are repair. If most damaged genes cannot be repaired, the accumulation of p21 regulated by p53 would induce apoptosis. Another important target of p53 is MDM2 (also called HDM2 in human body). MDM2 is a p53 inducible gene and its product can bind and interact with p53. The product of MDM2 gene, called p90 or p95, can bind with p53 and combine with ubiquitinate which can induce the degradation of p53 (Buschmann, et al., 2000). MDM2 is the killer of p53 which can keep the amount of p53 proteins into an appropriate level. However, a series of cellular stress would cause the overexpress of MDM2 and result in the over degradation of p53, the cell would lose ground and transform to tumor cell. P53 has plenty of other regulation pathways that cannot be listed in detail. The hundreds of pathways regulated by p53 have two mutual purposes: repair genes and induction of apoptosis. Therefore, the core of the p53 regulation levels is to maintain the stability of genes and accelerate the death of damaged or diseased cells. The Role of p53 in Normal and Tumor cells In natural human cells, the wt-p53 protein can be regarded as a guardian of the cell and genome. It can monitor the vital process, repair the gene indirectly through interaction with repair protein and induce apoptosis when necessary (Hofseth, et al., 2004). P53 plays a crucial role in numerous cellular processes which are related to cell cycle and cell death. If Tp53 gene mutated, the tumor suppression function in the cell would partly reduce. As a result, people whose Tp53 gene was mutated are more susceptible to suffer from cancer. Tp53 gene is mutated in over half of tumor cells; the mutation would alter the structure of p53 protein, thus p53 would lose its function partly or completely. The p53-mutated cells can not die programmatically, and become tumor cells. The mutated p53 protein tends to accumulate in tumor cells because the mutated p53 lose its function to induce the express of MDM2, which can degrade p53 proteins in the cell. The accumulation of p53 protein is a significant feature for the tumor cells. In cancer treatments, tumor cells can be detected through the accumulation of p53. However, mutated p53 can also be an obstacle of the therapy because mutant p53 can inhibit the function of wide-type p53 (Blagosklonny, M. V., 2002). If the treatment strategy is transferring the wide-type p53 into tumor cells, how to eliminate the effect of mutant p53 is the problem which has to be solved first. Consequently, p53 plays crucial roles both in normal cells and tumor cells; it is a gatekeeper in normal cells and a marker for tumor cells; it is an effective target for cancer treatments, nevertheless it can also become a barrier in cancer therapy. Conclusion P53 is the best-known transcription factor and cancer suppressor plays multiple roles in the cell. In healthy cells and, it is a gatekeeper to monitor the cell cycle and prevent the mutation of gene. If some mutations happen in the genome, p53 serve as a doctor to activate the repair process of damaged genes. When cells suffer from an irreversible damage or oncogenic stress, p53 can become a killer of cancerous cells. P53 participates in a number of biochemical pathways which can respond to the stress, arrest cell-cycle, repair gene and induce apoptosis. In the 30 years after the discovery of p53, plenty investigation was devoted into this essential protein and received a number of great achievements. A large amount of downstream targets has been identified and the regulatory network of p53 levels became clearer. Although plenty of details about p53, such as the relationship between each pathway, are still unknown. There is still a potential application through p53 in cancer treatmen ts.