Key Concepts Of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - 2367 Words

One of the most challenging aspects of this school program has been trying to recognize a theoretical orientation that I can identify with. Throughout the course of this class, I have discovered various aspects that have remained consistent within my personal wants and desires for group, which have allowed me to focus my attention on which approaches fit well with my style of therapy. The following will describe the key concepts of the cognitive behavioral approach; a view of the roles of the therapist and group members; key developmental tasks and therapeutic goals, techniques, and methods; and the stages in the evolution of a group. An integration of two additional theoretical orientations will also be included. Key Concepts of†¦show more content†¦The key concepts of a cognitive behavioral approach have been broken down into a four-stage process. According to Corey (2016), â€Å"the specific unique characteristics of behavior therapy include conducting a behavioral assessment, precisely spelling out collaborative treatment goals, formulating a specific treatment procedure appropriate to a particular problem, and objectively evaluating the outcomes of therapy† (p. 349). The behavioral assessment is aimed at gathering as much detailed information about the client’s problem. This part of the process will also focus on the client’s current functioning and life conditions and taking samples of his or her behaviors to provide information about how the client typically functions in various situations. Lastly, the behavioral assessment is narrowly focused and integrated with therapy. A unique aspect of the cognitive behavioral approach in group therapy is the focus on specific target areas of change. The members are responsible for formulating specific statements of the personal goals they want to achieve. The group leader is responsible for helping the members break down their goals into specific, concrete, and measureable goals. An agenda is set at the beginning of each session in a collaborative fashion with the members and group leader in order to prioritize

American Hegemony in the Twenty-First Century Consensus...

American Hegemony in the Twenty-First Century: Consensus and Legitimacy Abstract: Since the end of the Cold War, the United States has been the world’s only unquestioned superpower. How the United States evaluates its position as global hegemon has important consequences for American foreign policy, particularly with regards to the potential for future policy constraints. Thus, this paper seeks to consider the question: How durable is American hegemony? The paper first defines the state of American hegemony and then considers the primary challengers: Europe, Russia, China, Japan and imperial overstretch. It will conclude that in the long-term, East Asian geopolitical instability poses the greatest threat to American hegemony,†¦show more content†¦But what this means for both the United States and the rest of the world has been highly contentious. The twenty-first century is seen alternatively as the century of the spread of freedom or of the breakdown of global peace. On the one hand, the â€Å"triumphalist† school of inter national relations has proclaimed the end of history and the triumph of the Western idea as embodied in the American state. On the other hand, the â€Å"clash of civilizations† school has forebodingly predicted a backlash against globalization, a fracturing of the world into civilizational conflict. At the heart of the debate is the question of American primacy. Is the United States’ hegemony durable? And is it even a good thing—should we seek to preserve it? Those are the principle questions that this paper seeks to answer. Although the United States is undoubtedly the world’s most powerful country, the degree of its dominance, its facets and its limits are all crucial aspects to explore. The topic of American hegemony must be raised again with an eye specifically looking forward towards the future. Delving into this topic not only addresses the crucial debates at the center of the international relations theory, but it also offers important prescriptions for United States foreign policy by accounting for the shadow of the future. Indeed, considering the durability to American hegemony is a crucial task for Americans as we begin the twenty-firstShow MoreRelatedThe Rise and Fall of American Hegemony4258 Words   |  18 PagesThe rise and fall of US h egemony A Review of Some Related Literature Table of contents ABSTRACT 1 MAIN PAPER I. INTRODUCTION 2 II. EMPIRICAL LITERATURE REVIEW 3 III. DISCUSSION 7 IV. CONCLUSION 11 REFERENCES â€Æ' ABSTRACT Scholars like Johan Galtung, Robert Gilpin and Noam Chomsky greatly influenced the background ideas of this paper. Most of the cases the author argues come and are mostly based from the books of the said scholars. 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Civil Rights Movement in Education Essay Example For Students

Civil Rights Movement in Education Essay The Civil Rights movement, during the 1960s and 1970s, created many changes for both American society and its schools. The transformations were the result of such movements as Bilingual Education, womens rights activity, and the passing of the Public Law 94-142 legislation. The incorporation of these new laws and ideas into society all came with their own consequences. Each of them helped, in some way, to lessen the inequality of minority groups in America, like students whose primary language was not English, women, and handicapped children. They also faced opposition by certain groups, who did not feel that their inclusion in American life was necessary. Those fighting for the minorities, though, were steadfast in their efforts, and made many successful The Bilingual Education movement in America began in the late 1960s. It was made to be an important issue due to the fact that many Spanish-speaking children were attending schools that only included the English language in their curriculum. This resulted in low academic achievement rates for the students. Bilingual education programs were developed to try to resolve this dilemma in the American schools. In these programs, teaching was given in both Spanish and English. Some attempts were eventually made to set a standard for the bilingual education and make it a nationally recognized idea. The Bilingual Education Act, passed by Congress in 1968, made an approach to legitimize the instruction of non-English speaking children (U W, 317). It did not set any standards though, so how well the act was observed was basically left up to whose arguments were strongerthe opposers or the defenders. The Supreme Court popularized the issue in 1974, in the Lau vs. Nichols case. This case involved Chinese American children in San Francisco who spoke little or no English (ibid.). Those fighting for the children wanted them to receive extra attention in teaching English. After the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the children, various proposals were given to attempt to solve The inclusion of bilingual education in Americas schools curriculum brought about different ideas on how to resolve the issue. The first of these approaches suggested that there be a special curriculum for non-English speakers, so that they can concentrate on learning the English language. The second involved taking non-English speaking students out of regular classrooms until they learned the language fully. The third approach, bilingual education, suggested teaching the students native language and English equally. According to Urban and Wagoner in American Education: A History, advocates of this last approach sometimes emphasized biculturalism as well and These attempts were both supported and opposed by various parties. Those who defended incorporation of bilingual education into American schools included politicians and other Hispanic leaders, who were trying to prevent assimilation. Opposers included teachers, Anglo politicians, and some Hispanic intellectuals, who thought that it was important for the children to assimilate in to the society (ibid.). Womens rights activity also became popular in the 1960s, but did not have many large effects on the schools. Teachers did not want to be involved with the feminists, and so the activists also distanced themselves from the teachers. The hard work and determination of the feminists did though, bring about the passing of the Title IX of the Higher Education Act in 1972 (ibid. , 320). This act instilled gender equality in institutions of higher education, and has played a monumental role in regulating fairness among the sexes in colleges and The Title IX continues to aid in maintaining equality between college men and women, among other things, though there is still work to be done. The act has been successful supporting attempts to bring more female administrators into schools. In actuality though, women principals and administrators in schools and school districts are still scarce (ibid.). Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, was an act of legislation passed by Congress in 1972. .u95f0320e037923419834a3c7c520e44e , .u95f0320e037923419834a3c7c520e44e .postImageUrl , .u95f0320e037923419834a3c7c520e44e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u95f0320e037923419834a3c7c520e44e , .u95f0320e037923419834a3c7c520e44e:hover , .u95f0320e037923419834a3c7c520e44e:visited , .u95f0320e037923419834a3c7c520e44e:active { border:0!important; } .u95f0320e037923419834a3c7c520e44e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u95f0320e037923419834a3c7c520e44e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u95f0320e037923419834a3c7c520e44e:active , .u95f0320e037923419834a3c7c520e44e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u95f0320e037923419834a3c7c520e44e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u95f0320e037923419834a3c7c520e44e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u95f0320e037923419834a3c7c520e44e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u95f0320e037923419834a3c7c520e44e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u95f0320e037923419834a3c7c520e44e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u95f0320e037923419834a3c7c520e44e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u95f0320e037923419834a3c7c520e44e .u95f0320e037923419834a3c7c520e44e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u95f0320e037923419834a3c7c520e44e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Police Subculture Essay It assured that all handicapped children received equal public education. It also allowed disabled children to be students in regular classrooms, an idea called mainstreaming (ibid.). Included in the act, was a development called the individualized education plan (IEP). This plan was for all handicapped students enrolled in the program, and it would analyze the childrens progress, as well as any goals that Public Law 94-142 encountered intense debates from both supporters and opposers. The children and their parents greatly approved of the special education program because it provided a much more favorable education than what they were receiving previously. They were getting a chance to be educated in .

Media †first draft Essay Example Essay Example

Media – first draft Essay Example Paper Media – first draft Essay Introduction After a long tiring day at work when you are sitting in your front room sipping some coffee engrossed in your favourite TV show, suddenly a thing pops up telling you something about a product and making a first impression on your mind. These adverts are often used to give you a message or to attract you towards something .These adverts are important to TV producers and manufactures as it affects the profit and loss of their business. Advertising your product in TV, magazines, radio frequently turns out to be beneficial and moneymaking as these are forms of media.Adverts are a powerful and necessary tool as these days media plays a important role in your daily lives and and people usually buy things which their stick in their mind and find attractive so advert makers make sure that there is one element which unique in their advert which makes the reader or viewer memorize it and often go and purchase the product or to something which the maker intends them to. Certain advert will be s hown on certain channels as they know that their target audience will be watching that channel or prefers it the best, for e.g., a shaving cream advert will be shown regularly on a sports channel as the target audience is men and a lot mane like watching sports. In this essay I will be analyzing and comparing the two adverts, the chocolate lynx and the dove evolution, and will also correlate the different settings, props, sounds, content signs, camera shots and the advertising techniques.The target audience for the lynx advert are teenager boys and men as it’s a men’s spray, the target audience for the dove evolution advert are women of all ages as it’s a self esteem advert, both of the adverts are aimed at people with low self esteem. The plot in both the adverts is poles apart. Lynx advert pictures an ordinary guy spraying lynx on himself and then turns into this seductive chocolate man which girls find irresistible, on the other hand in the dove evolution one a ordinary looking girl is turned into a glamorous one with the help of makeup, hairstyles and digital photography and then In the end her picture is put up on a billboard. The similarities in the plots is that they are conveying messages to you and there also doing this using one person not a crowd of people, the main focus in both the adverts is the changes happening to the person and how it might change their life and thoughts and aimed at people with low esteem .The differences between the adverts is that there aimed at different sexes, the lynx one is telling you that if you do apply the spray your going to turn into something better but the dove evolution advert is saying that your natural look is your real beauty and the perfect look the media shows you doesn’t exist so this advert gains your trust in dove, the adverts are going in opposite directions. The lynx one is only advertising one product but the dove one is gaining our attention for all their products, and th e whole brand. This makes an impact on our minds. Lynx advert also has a funny humour in it on the other hand the dove advert has got a serious effect in it.The mise-en-scene of both these adverts creates an impact on the audience. The misc-en-scene of the lynx advert is colourful. The props used are the spray bottle, the strawberries, the coffee mugs, mirror, and ice creams. There are many settings used in this advert e.g. bathroom, park, cinema, hospital room, girls in front room, gym, train and streets. All these different settings are used as to show the audience that in every place he goes girls find him irresistible so if there telling the boys if you put this spray on, you will be treated the same by girls and these settings are the normal places we visit frequently so any ordinary man can put this on and turn seductive. The colours used in this are mainly brown as its versatile which keeps our focus on the same person. The mise-en-scene of the dove advert is a makeup studio, workshop, the street where the billboard is, the makeup. The props are the camera, the hair straightners and curlers and also the makeup; these things attract women’s attention towards the advert.The chocolate advert is colourful which gives the audience a positive feeling and also a funny humour but comparing it to the dove evolution one, its different as dove evolution is dull at the start but starts getting brighter as that girl starts looking beautiful. There is only one setting used to also show that how quickly her face is changed in one room. The props used are makeup and hair straighners which shows us that they have to use all these different products to make her look gorgeous.Both the adverts consist of diegetic and Non-diegetic sounds, The digectic sounds in the dove advert include the people talking in the background, flash of the camera , the computer editing and the shuffling of things. The shuffling of things give the audience a idea that the place is very bus y as there are so many people talking in the background and they use so many products to make her look stunning, the computer editing sound is 1 second for every feature they change in her face so this tells the viewers that they do it so quickly as their habitant to this because they do it everyday and they make every girl look a similar way. The audience can hear the sounds which they normally hear when they go to a workshop or studio so this may also tell the viewers that this happens on daily bases and it’s a routine for them.The lynx advert uses diegectic sounds like sound of the spray, the bus and the traffic on the roads and the beeping of the cars. The beeping of the cars and the traffic sounds may deliver the message that he is an ordinary guy, living in one of those houses near from the high street where he can hear the traffic when he’s in this bathroom. This may also attract boys towards the spray as it shows that he’s a normal boy as the same situat ion can relate in their personal lives. Both the adverts have background music playing and it only starts playing when the real matter of the advert comes up , for e.g. in the lynx one the song starts when he becomes the chocolate man and in the dove evolution the music plays when they start putting makeup on her. This music must be played to give your advert a typicalhumour or a serious tone which makes the audience understand what message your advert is leading towards.Every advert made till today does have at least one content sign as this gives the audience a feel of indirect understanding and this also adds humour to the advert. Therefore the lynx advert has a setting where he is on the train and a girl sitting on the train swiftly takes a bite of this butt which signifies that she’s attracted to him and finds him very irresistible, so the look on her face shows that she finds him seductive and he’s happy when she does this so this might tell viewers that if you p ut this spray on you, your live will change and you’ll turn more overjoyed and thrilled and satisfied. In the lynx advert the signifier is the Photoshop and the digital technology used to improve her face which signifies that the perfect look media describes doesn’t exist on a normal person; you need digital programs to give you that perfect look which some girls feel depressed about if they don’t look like that. The billboard tells us that media wants us to think that that is the only way you can look beautiful if you look like the picture, so these content signs want to tell the viewers that natural beauty is the best look and every girl looks beautiful the way she is. So the advert is showing you how a normal girl is turned into the girl in the picture we see in our daily lives.The camera shots used in every advert are used for a certain purpose and intention. :In the dove advert there are close ups on the girls face to show all the changes that are happening in her face to give the viewers a clear picture of what the advert aims to show. The whole advert is on a close up and at the end when the billboard is showed as a wide shot to give the advert a conclusion and which shows the girl looks beautiful over all.In the lynx advert there is a close up on the mans face to show us the smile on his face to show us that he’s pleased and lucky to put this spray on , the long shots shows that how popular the man is between girls and how in every place he goes he’s getting favoured by all of them. There is also a long shot when he passes girls gym because this helps showing that all of them have the same reaction about him so it shows that girls love him up.Advertising techniques are used to promote the advert to customers and grab their attention and make them willing to buy it.In the dove advert there is a slogan used which says â€Å"No wonder our perception of beauty is distorted† This tells the audience that because of s uch billboards and media adverts we think that there is only one way we can turn beautiful, and the image of beauty in our minds is totally wrong which explains to the audience that no-one looks like that naturally and that’s not the only way to look beautiful. That is not even a real person look.At the end of the advert they say it’s a workshop for the real beauty of girls and also call it a campaign which makes girls trust dove and its productsThey call the advert a evolution which means a gradual change into something different which make the viewers think that dove also understands how they generally feel if they don’t have the † perfect look † and dove also says its time for that look to change and your real true beauty to be shown.In the lynx advert there is no language themes and techniques used as it’s a universal advert and men in every country can use it and become popular and sexy.Humours light hearted and the story has a funny humo ur which shows how much fun he’s having and it indicates and how ever you look, you put this on and you’re going to turn irresistible and seductive.Both the adverts sell their products in an innovative way, the two adverts are very successful and will make an impression on the viewers mind. The storyline of both of them is very unique, one of the adverts is telling you how you can make your life better, the other one is telling you to change the way you think and have ideas about beauty and yourself. The most effective advert is the dove evolution one because common idea always show you how your life can be made better, this one is different from common adverts as the advert itself shows a understanding in what most common girls feel and go through, they are not jus advertising the product there also gaining their customers trust and faith in the brand. Media – first draft Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Abortion Essays (434 words) - Abortion Debate, Abortion, Fertility

Abortion Essays (434 words) - Abortion Debate, Abortion, Fertility Abortion Abortion It is an undoubted fact of biological science that from the moment of conception, a new human life has been created. Only those who are irrational or ignorant of science doubt that when a human sperm fertilizes a human ovum, a new human being is created. That is why I disagree with aborting infants. If abortion is the taking of a human life and yet people feel that it should be just a personal matter between a woman and a doctor there seems to be two choices open to them. First, that they would believe that other acts of destruction to human beings should be of no concern of society and therefore, eliminate them from the criminal code. Secondly, because a person is not close to the deceased, they shouldnt be concerned with their death. I agree that the fetus has not developed full potential as a human being, but, neither have any of us. Nor will any of us ever reach that level of perfection. Because some of us may be less far along the path than others, does not give them the right t o kill us. Those in favor of abortion assume that they have that right. To say that a ten week fetus has a less value that a baby, means also that one must consider a baby of less value then a child, a young adult of less value than an old man. This idea is completely absurd. Some try to excuse the murder of a person because the mother might have been forced upon pregnancy due to either the tragedy of rape or incest. I am not condemning the crime that the female had to undergo, but I will also not condemn abortion. No sane reasoning can place the slightest blame on the unborn child it might produce. Murder is never justified, even to relieve a great pain, and even if there was a prior injustice, such as the child being forced on the woman against her will. Should we compound the psychic scar already inflicted on the matter by her having the guilt of destroying a living being which was at least half her own? While it is easy to feel that abortion is being performed for the sake of th e fetus, in reality abortions are performed for adults. There is no way to indicate that an infant with a birth defect would rather not be born since he cannot be consulted. If we kill infants with confidential defects before they are born, why not after birth, why not any human, we declare defective? Bibliography created.

The Rise and Fall of the Automat

The Rise and Fall of the Automat It all sounds so futuristic: a restaurant without waiters, without workers behind the counter, without any visible employees whatsoever, where you simply feed your money into a glass-enclosed kiosk, remove a steaming plate of freshly made food, and carry it to your table. Welcome to  Horn Hardart, circa 1950, a restaurant chain that once boasted 40 locations in New York City and dozens more across the U.S., at a now-distant time when automats served hundreds of thousands of urban customers every day. The Origin of the Automat The automat is often considered to be an exclusively American phenomenon, but in fact, the worlds first restaurant of this kind opened in Berlin, Germany in 1895. Named Quisisana- after a company that also manufactured food-vending machinery- this high-tech eatery established itself in other northern European cities, and Quisisana soon licensed its technology to Joseph Horn and Frank Hardart, who opened the first American automat in Philadelphia in 1902. An Appealing Formula As with so many other societal trends, it was in turn-of-the-century New York that automats really took off. The first New York Horn Hardart opened in 1912, and soon the chain had hit on an appealing formula: customers exchanged dollar bills for handfuls of nickels (from attractive women behind glass booths, wearing rubber tips on their fingers), then fed their change into vending machines, turned the knobs, and extracted plates of meatloaf, mashed potatoes, and cherry pie, among hundreds of other menu items. Dining was communal and cafeteria-style, to the extent that Horn Hardart automats were considered a valuable corrective to the snobbery of so many New York City restaurants. Fresh-Brewed Coffee for a Nickel a Cup Its not widely known today, but Horn Hardart was also the first New York restaurant chain to offer its customers fresh-brewed coffee, for a nickel a cup. Employees were instructed to discard any pots that had been sitting for more than twenty minutes, a level of quality control that inspired Irving Berlin to compose the song Lets Have Another Cup of Coffee (which quickly became Horn Hardarts official jingle). There wasnt much (if any) choice, but in terms of reliability, Horn Hardart could be considered the 1950s equivalent of Starbucks. Behind the Scenes Given all the  high-tech accouterments and lack of visible personnel, Horn Hardart customers could be forgiven for thinking that their food had been prepared and handled by robots. Of course, that wasnt the case, and an argument can be made that automats succeeded at the expense of their hard-working employees. The managers of these restaurants still had to hire human beings to cook, convey food to the vending machines, and wash the silverware and dishesbut since all this activity went on behind the scenes, they got away with paying below-par wages and forcing employees to work overtime. In August of 1937, the AFL-CIO picketed Horn Hardarts across the city, protesting the chains unfair labor practices. In its heyday, Horn Hardart  succeeded partly because its eponymous founders refused to rest on their laurels. Joseph Horn and Frank Hardart ordered any food uneaten at the end of the day to be delivered to cut-price, day-old outlets, and also circulated a hefty, leather-bound rule book that instructed employees on the proper cooking and handling of hundreds of menu items. Horn and Hardart (the founders, not the restaurant) also constantly tinkered with their formula, assembling as often as possible at a sample table where they and their chief executives voted thumbs up or thumbs down on new menu items. Fading in Popularity by the 1970s By the 1970s, automats like Horn Hardart were fading in popularity, and the culprits were easy to identify. First, fast-food chains like McDonalds and Kentucky Fried Chicken offered much more limited menus, but a more identifiable taste, and they also enjoyed the benefits of lower labor and food costs. Second, urban workers were less inclined to punctuate their days with leisurely lunches, complete with appetizer, main course, and dessert, and preferred to grab lighter meals on the fly; one imagines that the fiscal crisis in 1970s New York also encouraged more people to bring their meals to the office from home. Finally Went out of Business in 1991 By the end of the decade, Horn Hardart gave in to the inevitable and converted most of its New York City locations into Burger King franchises; the last Horn Hardart, on Third Avenue and 42nd Street, finally went out of business in 1991. Today, the only place you can see what Horn Hardart looked like  is in the Smithsonian Institution, which harbors a 35-foot-long chunk of the original 1902 restaurant, and this chains surviving vending machines are said to languish in a warehouse in upstate New York. Rebirth of the Concept No good idea ever truly disappears, though. Eatsa, which opened in San Francisco in 2015, seems unlike Horn Hardart in every way conceivable: every item on the menu is made with quinoa, and ordering is done via an iPad, after a brief interaction with a virtual maà ®tre d. But the basic concept is the same: with no human interaction at all, a customer can watch as her meal almost magically materializes in a small cubby flashing her name. In the food industry, it seems, the more things change, the more they stay the same!

The negative impacts of internet on teenagers in the United States Essay

The negative impacts of internet on teenagers in the United States - Essay Example Risks associated with internet for teenagers are far more profound than with any other kind of media due to the ease of accessibility to the harmful content that the internet provides the children with. Based on the view of about 85 per cent of the parents, the National Altitudinal Poll identified the internet as the number one concern for the parents (Common Sense Media cited in Louge 2). Internet has provided the children with the opportunity to view and past whatever they feel like without having the parents realize it. Internet is frequently used by the American children to distribute sexually explicit material both their own and that of the others that they get to lay their hands on. Sex trafficking and various kinds of sex crimes have increased in number manifolds as the use of internet among the children has increased. â€Å"The Internet is transforming the experience of growing up in America. It is also transforming the job of being a parent in America. The Internet brings t he world — the good, the bad, and the ugly — to the American family’s doorstep. It brings the ruins of ancient Athens to that doorstep, but it also brings the red light district of Bangkok† (Third Way Culture Project). This paper identifies the various the negative impacts of internet on teenagers in United States. ... Thus, when they are away from the internet, they are depressed and their senses are revived only when they are using the internet. In this sense, they become addicted to the internet. They know that they ought to limit the time they spend on the internet and yet cannot help using the internet all day long because they experience unpleasant emotions when they are not using it. Internet remains in their conscious sense full time in one way or another. Either they are thinking what movie they would download next, which friend they would reply next or what statement they would place on their Facebook profiles. Excessive use of internet has become a very common thing among the young generation in the US. This behavior of unusually high association with the internet is commonly referred to in such terms as compulsive use of internet, pathological use of internet, problematic use of internet, computer addiction, internet dependence and net addiction. Declining academic performance Internet addiction has many unfavorable outcomes one of which happens to be the negative impact of it on an individual’s academic performance. Because of the excessive use of internet, the child is not able to concentrate upon the studies. Studies demand time and attention and yet are very boring. On the other hand, internet activities are very interesting and encourage one to indulge in them because they are also energizing and intellectual in many ways. Thus, the individual’s craving for knowledge and enhancing the skills is sufficiently satisfied by using internet. Thus, the time that the children should spend on their studies is wasted in playing online games, socializing on the social media websites and downloading and watching movies

Food Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Food Issue - Essay Example In my opinion, I would support solar-based agriculture. First, the system has been shown to be prudent in saving energy. In my place, farmers have been spending too much energy that is available to produce crops in the petroleum-based agriculture. Moreover, the solar-based will help in conserving our local environment there will be less use of fertilizers and other forms of chemicals (Pollan 1). Secondly, I would support the solar-based agriculture due to the immense benefit it has on health. This is because the petroleum-based agriculture has led to the production of cheap food that is of low quality. Such food lacks essential nutrients and mostly comprised of fats. The effect has been the rise of various chronic diseases that are costly to the American people (Pollan 1). Thirdly, solar-based agriculture will help the country reduce overreliance of food from other countries. Food from foreign countries may provide a leeway for terrorist activities. Hence, solar-based agriculture wil l help production of food locally that is free from contamination from the rest of the world (Pollan 1). Recently, there has been growing interest in the community to shift to local foods and farms. The shift has been based on several reasons. The shift to local food has been mainly due to realization that the food is healthier, nutritious and of quality value. On the other hand, the shift to local farms has been due to the high prices of food produced through local means. In fact, it has come to the attention of the farmers that consumers are willing to pay an extra cash to get locally produced

Dynamic system development methodology Essay Example for Free

Dynamic system development methodology Essay Various industries handled information and data manually until 1960 when the first software development methodology was hinted. Software development methodologies are key steps in development of information system. Different methodologies have different requirements in terms of cost, time frame, expert requirement, size of the business, maintenance cost, and flexibility in case of changes in the future among others. Therefore, organizations evaluate each methodology in order to come up with the most effect one for their information system development. Software methodology involves a structural framework to plan and manage the processes that are involved in development of information system.Prototyping and dynamic system methodology will be critically evaluated to understand the role of software methodologies in information system development. Dynamic system development methodology                   The method ensures frequent delivery of information system in businesses. The methodology is can be reversed during development in case of errors, and the requirement is based on high level and integrated testing throughout lifecycle, which allows collaboration and cooperation between all stakeholders (Association of Modern Technologies, 2014 Software Development Methodologies) Figure: 2 Baguio central University,2011. Dynamic System Development Methodology      Critical evaluation                   Since this methodology involves end users and teamwork decision, it forms the best choice for information system development. Future changes can be accommodated since changes are reversible. This methodology follows PRINCE concept since it start with initiation of a project and conclude with crossing of the project. Prototype methodology                  In this methodology, incomplete software is created, which differs with the final product (software development and engineering, 2012 n.p.). The methodology makes it possible to evaluate the software during the development process and design before it gets to the final step. The software can also be tried before integration in an organization. This method allows involvement of the users and evaluation during designing phase and thus increasing the likely hood of easier implementation in any organization. Critical evaluation                  In this methodology, users, builder and system interaction are mandatory. It requires expertise for both builders and end-users. With this model, time and cost are decreased compared to traditional method, which becomes a major consideration when developing information system. This methodology is applied mostly in situations there is risk uncertainty. This methodology is best applied in managerial systems, as its main objective is planning, direction, controlling and decision-making. This forms one of the choices for information system since users can be able to do a value analysis and investment can be made at relative increments.                Prince plays an important role in information system development since it establishes the management, control, and application of the appropriate software for information system. It gives more insight about the software developed and provides authenticity of the software, which is important in making information system decisions. Question 2 According to (Bantra et al, (2010 p 383) agile methodology is based on various values such as Individual and interaction over processes and tools, Working software under comprehensive documentation, Customer or end user collaboration over a contract negotiation the and Responding to changes over following a plan                      The agile methodology builds flexible information systems that can be upgraded or changes in future (Rao, Naidu, Chakka, 2011 p. 42). For example, if an organization wants to expand its system, it can build its new information system on the existing system. Hence, the methodology is adopted where future changes in the information system are expected. Time aspect makes this approach cost effective. The methodology involves the end users at every stage making software development process effective and accurate (Aitken Ilango 2013 4758). In addition, the process is fast and efficient thus ensuring that the information system development easy and economical.                   The traditional methodologies are fixed and do not allow future changes (Aitken Ilango 2013 p. 4756). That means that once the information system is developed using the traditional methodology, it will be hard to build a new system using it. The expansions or future changes in the information system require engineers and software developers to start a new system. This is not cost effective for business since they are always in a constant growth and keep on improving their information systems. Thus, agile methodology best suits development of a flexible information system that can be upgraded easily. Question 3                     The Structured systems analysis and design method, (SSADM) is one of the widely used methodologies in computer applications in private and public sectors since its inception in 1981. The methodology operates under three principle techniques known as logical data, flow data, and event modelling (Al-Humaidan, Rossiter, 2011, p 3).                  Logical data modelling (LDM) technique involves identification and documentation of the necessary data for business or organization information system. The information that the business wants to record on the information systems is identified and documented for inclusion in software development. Consequently, the data flow modelling (DFM) techniques involves identification, modelling and documentation of how the identified data using LDM technique will flow in the information system. It gives details on how various data will be transformed in the system. Then, event modelling (EM) technique identifies and documents the sequence of events in DFM.                     The techniques help the engineers to develop information system that meets the end users need since it allows participation of all the stakeholders. However, inadequate research may result to development of poor information systems, which may be cost to the business. The SSADM uses various tools that are important in development of information system. Data flow diagram, (DFD) highlights all the data pathways, while other tools such as data dictionary, decision trees and tables give guidelines on data classifications. The tools make operation of the information easier for the end users.                      Unified modelling language, (UML) is a language used in software engineering. It helps the developers to create a system using a standardized language that can be understood easily by both the participants and the system. The main techniques and tools used are diagram and language structures such as class, interactions and activity diagrams (Al-Humaidan, Rossiter, 2011, p 4).                      The main difference between SSADM and UML is that the former interfaces are composed of design dialogue while the latter utilises components and classes of modelled diagrams as interface (Al-Humaidan, Rossiter, 2011 p. 24-29). In addition, SSADM uses requirement catalogue as the data resources while UML uses modelled stereotype features as data sources. Question 4                     Software development approach entails identification the information system issues and making decision of how the issues should be solved and the solution remains viable. Waterfall approaches Figure1: Winston W. Royce waterfall approach and its analogous waterfall (Habib, 2013 n.p) Critical evaluation                      The approach helps to develop software in a top down development consisting of independent steps that are completed sequentially. The engineers are able to evaluate each step independent and develop consecutive phases based on completed ones. The methodology is fast and effective for development of small information systems. However, methodology is not suitable to develop large information system because it is slow and cumbersome. In addition, the approach is costly and a short term. According to Stoica et al, (2013, p. 68) this method requires product definition, clear understanding of requirements and technology, and expertise and the system is short lived. End users approach                     In this approach, the end user is the focus in the development of the information system. The information system is designed in such a way that it is able to meet the end-users needs. The approach may involve modification of commercial off-shelf software (COTs). Critical evaluation                     The approach does not involve formal designing of the information system. The approach does not require documentation of the project. The end user is the main controller of the information system developed from this approach. However, it is not fit for large business and lack of documentation limits future changes of the information system would be very hard. Thus, the approach is not economical especially of growing enterprises.                   When the size of the project is large, the software development approach is based on the cost or budget limitations, timeframe taken by the approach, and the flexibility of the approach. This is because, the organizations designs information systems that are economical in that they does not affect their profitability and operations. Approaches that are cheap and are executed in a short span of time are preferred to others that are costly and take long time before completion Reference Aitken, A., Ilango, V. 2013. A comparative analysis of traditional software engineering and agile software development. In  System Sciences (HICSS), 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on  (pp. 4751-4760). IEEE.Al-Humaidan, F., Rossiter, B. N. 2011. A Taxonomy and Evaluation for Systems Analysis Methodologies in a Workflow Context: Structured Systems Analysis Design Method (SSADM), Unified Modelling Language (UML), Unified Process, Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) and Organisation Process Modelling (OPM).  Technical Report Series-University Of Newcastle Upon Tyne Computing Science. Baguio central University 2011.Dynamic System Development Methodology.[Online]. http://www.slideshare.net/mayjoyce89/dynamic-system-development-method. Batra, D., Weidong, X., VanderMeer, D., Dutta, K. 2010.Balancing Agile and Structured Development Approaches to Successfully Manage Large Distributed Software Projects: A Case Study from the Cruise Line Industry. Communications Of The Association For Information Systems, 27 383. Habib M, 2013. Agile software development methodologies and how to apply them. [Online] Retrieved from http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/604417/Agile-software-development-methodologies-and-how-t.accessedRao, K. N., Naidu, G. K., Chakka, P. 2011. A study of the agile software development methods, applicability and implications in industry.  International Journal of Software Engineering and its applications,  5,2, 35-45. Stoica, M., Mircea, M., Ghilic-Micu, B. 2013. Software Development: Agile vs. Traditional. InformaticaEconomica, 17,4, 64-76. Source document

LeBlanc’s Analysis of Sexuality in Chopin’s The Awakening Essay

LeBlanc’s Analysis of Sexuality in Chopin’s The Awakening Definitions are tricky things. Such is the conclusion of Ross C. Murfin in his attempts to spell out the major literary theories discussed in our text: "attempts to highlight the difference between feminist and gender criticism are inevitably prone to reductive overgeneralization and occasional distortion"(footnote p.226). Such is the conclusion of gender theorists in general in their pursuit of critiquing the traditional definitions of male/ female, masculine/ feminine, and heterosexual/ homosexual. Such is my conclusion in reading Elizabeth LeBlanc's attempts at defining and utilizing the notion of the "metaphorical lesbian" in her analysis of Kate Chopin's The Awakening. Tricky as they may be, however, definitions, at least in our efforts to formulate them, constitute our lives, our thought processes, and our discourse: Who are we? What is our purpose? What does it all mean? With this in mind, what are we to make of the "metaphorical lesbian" or of the "real" lesbian? Although I f ound LeBlanc's essay to be exceptionally interesting in its formulations and insights, after reading it I am, nonetheless, left with the feeling that her definitions have become so broad as to seemingly negate any tangible, differentiated meaning. Within the essay, LeBlanc uses Bonnie Zimmerman's concept of the "metaphorical lesbian," Adrienne Rich's concept of "compulsory heterosexuality," and de Lauretis' rejection of a biological definition of feminine gender in reevaluating The Awakening as a lesbian text. In doing so, she defines Edna Pontellier as this "metaphorical lesbian" in that the character repudiates the societal "myth of woman," fosters "women-identified" experience, crea... ...nature. As the novel progresses, Edna seems to pull away from her female relationships in that she stops receiving her women callers and even visits with Adele less frequently. Edna seems concerned with her sole self and its enrichment more than with forming and/or maintaining bonds with anyone else, except for maybe the male Robert. Even in regards to her sexuality, she appears to be more interested in the sexual feelings themselves than in who is creating them for her, such as with her indifference towards Arobin after their sexual interaction. In this light, perhaps Edna is more of a "metaphorical masturbator" than a "metaphorical lesbian." Regardless of Edna's metaphors, however, LeBlanc's metaphors in describing her are extremely inclusive in a way that leaves telling gaps. LeBlanc's "metaphorical lesbian" can thus be seen in actuality as a metaphorical nebula.

Communication Technology in the 21st Century Essay

In 21st century that we live in, communication can be done in many different ways other than conventional speaking right in front of each other. The reason for that is because of the existence of communication technology and the wide interest in this technology from people around the world. Communication technology is improving as we speak and more important sector is depending on it to gain benefits such as business and politics. Communication technology includes telephone, radio, television, internet, and social media. Communication Technology impact on public and private life Communication Technology has a profound impact on both public and private life. In public life communication technology serve more advantages than disadvantages. We can find friends through social media or online game sites, we can even find suitable partner through dating sites. The disadvantages are that people can provide false information and exploit the advantages of social media on people public life and cause misunderstanding, loss of properties or sometimes even lives. In private life, the disadvantages are more than the advantages. The advantages are that we can communicate and stay connected with our family or friends online, but it is also easy for hackers to access our personal profile online. Many cases have been reported that such incidents do frequently happen. For example, taken from a website;† Gang Used Social Media Sites to Identify Potential Victims† (Teen Prostitution 2012). Our private lives are easily exploited through the advancement of Communication Technologies too. Development of Communication and Information Technology Communication technology helps us in many ways. Communication Technology can broadcast information to a wide range of people around the world in a short period of time, this is very useful for advertisements, conveying important messages to wide range of audiences and updating citizens of current news. Communication nowadays can even be accessible from anywhere as long as the device can connect to the internet and there is internet coverage in that area. Part of the advancement of communication technology is credited to the invention of Smartphone in the market that makes it easier to access and connected to different types Communication Technologies. Social media has became the most popular and most effective aspect of communication technology, the reason being users around the world can communicate with each other anywhere and anytime they are on the internet. Social media became the most used communication technology in comparison to television, radio, and conventional telephone. Advertisement companies and even political figures around the world use social media network to convey their message. As shown in a video online, radio took 38 years to reach a market audience of 50 million, television took 13 years, internet took 4 years, Ipod took 3 years and social media giant-Face book took only 2 years. (Did You Know 3. 0 2012) This proves that communication technology is improving over the years and is an important way of broadcasting information. Communication Technology has been improving and developing since the first television was born, many ideas and suggestion of what the future will look like with the continuous development on communication technology. Avery interesting example of the advancement on communication technology is a device called Sixth Sense technology. â€Å"Sixth Sense is a wearable gestural interface device by Pranav Mistry, a PhD candidate in the Fluid Interfaces Group at the MIT Media Lab†. Sixth Sense 2010) This technology shows that technology can be more interactive with human and someday we will not have to wear or bring many different types of devices such as hand phone, watch, I Pad, IPod, but one device can provide information from all the devices we have now combined and so much more. Advantages and Disadvantages of Communication Technology As mentioned above, Communication Technology provides advantage and disadvantages to our society. The advantages of communication technology are none other than the reason communication technology are being invented for, to let people around the world to communicate freely to each other, but now communication technology can share even more things such as photos, videos, and even organize events with people we did not know before. But with the nature of communication technology to be free and open to everyone, some people tend to misuse communication technology for personal gain and interest by affecting other people. Besides addiction, the issue of communication technology these days are users around the world did not use the provided communication technology â€Å"smartly†. Users of communication technology should be aware and educated about the do’s and don’ts using communication technology such as social media. There have been cases where people post their social number or even bank account carelessly on their social media that attracts the idea of exploiting the advantages of communication technology. Some users that post all kinds of photos on their social media also provide ample of information to the public and easily can be targeted by culprits. Legislation concerning Communication Technology To protect the people of their country, governments around the world have made health, safety and communications legislations. In Ireland, Data Protection Act 1988 has been produced and was amendment by Data Protection (Amendment) Act 2003. This act is to provide security when important personal information is given to an organization or individual to a person. The aim of these rights is to help you to make sure that the information stored about you is: factually correct; only available to those who should have it; only used for stated purposes. Data Protection Commissioner) Freedom of Information Act 1997 have also been produced in Ireland and amended by the Freedom of Information Act (Amendment) 2003. The Freedom of Information Act establishes the following statutory rights: A legal right for each person to access information held by public bodies and government departments. A legal right for each person to have official information relating to himself/herself amended where it is incomplete, incorrect or misleading A legal right to obtain reasons for decisions affecting himself/ herself. Freedom of information in Ireland) In summary, communication technology provides advantages and disadvantages and without a doubt have a huge impact on society and the future. Communication technology can be said to be the invention of the century because of the changes it make to the human race, it can be said to be the â€Å"line† that distinguish between the era of information technology in comparison to the last era. Communication technology provides an insight to our future and will continue to bring benefit to our society provided we keep in mind of how to use communication technology efficiently.

Visitor Motivations to Attend Events

Table of contents Introduction1 Food and wine festival2 Sport event3 Music Festival5 Cultural events6 Analysis of motivation8 Common motivation factors8 Unique motivation factors9 Need for organiser9 Conclusion10 Bibliography11 Visitor Motivations to Attend Events Introduction Motivation is the force. Pinder, cited in Gallstedt (2003), defines motivation as ‘‘a set of energetic forces that originate both within as well as beyond an individual’s being to initiate work-related behaviours, and to determine its form, direction, intensity, and duration’’ (Gallstedt, 2003).Mullins (2008) describes motivation as this force which drives any person to show a specific behaviour towards any condition or situation or things. There are mainly two different natures of motivation one is come from person’s internal desire to do action. It is always self-applied and self accomplishment in individual. This kind of motivation is referring to the intrinsic motivat ion (Bratton et. al, 2010). While we discuss about the motivation of event visitor it also fall on this types of motivation visitor attend in the event to fulfil their personal desire.But there are different factors of motivation which fulfil visitors' desire. In the other hand extrinsic motivation works on external level of individuals. Every individual have expectation of external tangible outcomes like financial rewards, bonus, pay increase, profit share, and promotion in their job (Bratton et. al, 2010). The festival and events have extensively increased in number. Along with that its visitor also increased (Lee, 2000). Now a days events and festivals giving economy support to the hosting community or party. It's becoming an important tool for development for the community.Every year festivals and events are popular and visitor travel a long journey to participate. There are different kinds of events and festivals for example Sports, Cultural, Tourism, Music, Religious. Visitors of the events and festivals have their own purpose to attend on it. Each single visitor has motivation to attend on any kinds of events. In other words visitors' motivations to attend events and festivals are different. We can find visitor with different motivation in the same event. There are also some common motivational factors for visitors to attend different kinds of event above mention. e there are some common motivational factor in different kinds of events and different motivation factor in same event. There are some unique motivational factors for some events which we cannot find in other events. Here we are going to discuss about the common motivation factors of different kinds of festivals as Food festival, sport festival music festival and cultural festival and their unique motivation factor in each kinds of festival. Food and wine festival Food and wine festivals have becoming an important part of the special festival. It also an attraction points of tourist.Many touri sts attend food or wine festivals to taste foods and wine. They experience special types of food and wine from these kinds of festivals [ (Hall ; Mitchell, 2001) ]. As it is one of the important tourism activities Food and Wine festivals targeted to the tourist from international and local as well (Chang, 2011), (Chartersa ; Ali-Knightb, 2002). Chang 2011 study on the visitors' motivation to attend a food festival in the Old Town Spring SpringFest which is a regional food festival in Old Town organized every year in March. The town located 20 miles north of Houston, Texas. Old town is a historic 1900's railroad town.He studied the motivation of the visitor in 10,000 populations which is the number of visitors in the festival every year. After study of motivation of visitor from different demography like age, gender, marital status, education, income he came with many motivations factors in food festival. The top five dimensions of motivation and more other motivation factors are fun , to get out in the open air, heard about festival and it sounded like fun, for variety of things to see and do, to have a change from daily routine. He also found more activities which motivates visitors to attend in the festival.These are wine, escape, food, known group socialization, external socialization, art etc. Kwang-Soo, Park Yvette Reisinger Hyun-Jung Kang studied to identify the major factors that motivate visitors in wine and food festival. The objective of this study was to identify the major factors that motivated visitors to attend the South Beach Wine and Food Festival in Miami Beach, Florida, and determine whether these factors varied among the visitors from the United States, Canada, South America, Europe, and Asia. They survey on 475 visitors to South Florida. In this study Forty-four motivational items were analyzed.The top most motivational factors were the desire to taste new wine and food, enjoy the event, enhance social status, escape from routine life, meet new people, spend time with family, and get to know the celebrity chefs and wine experts. Yuan et. al (2004) were also done one research on visitor motivation on wine festival and conclude that most important single reason for visiting festival was wine testing. According to their study, education and learning about wine, meeting the winemaker, socialising and having a day out and entertainment were reasons for their attendance at the festival (Yuan et. l, 2004). From above studies we can understand some important motivational factors of food and wine festivals which are testing food and wine, knowledge about food and wine, socialization, fun, family togetherness, escape, change from daily routine etc. Sport event Sport events help to generate revenue. Sports events represent a major area of event revenue contributing economic benefits to cities and regions. Whilst explain that attendance at sports events is recognised as an important leisure and entertainment activity (Shamir ; Rus kin, 1984).Funk describe that visitors desire to watch sport event occurs within five stages which are need recognition, tension reduction , drive state, want pathway, and goal behaviour. Here this needs illustrates how a need recognised fulfil by seeking way that satisfy the need and received benefit from them (Funk, 2008). John Hall, Barry O’Mahony and Julian Vieceli (2010) study about the motivation of the visitor in sport event . Their study identifies the antecedents of sports event attendance among 460 respondents who were surveyed in Melbourne. Their study was related to the motivational factor for the sport.They combined the motives of visitor in seven different dimensions as entertainment; emotional arousal, back room, true fan, front room, event and social factor there are fun, excitement, the arousal, friend and family. They found that financial and economical condition also influence to the motivation. Price of tickets or perceived value of the sport product are f all into controlled factor which can controlled but the average income of the population and economic condition of the country are fall into uncontrolled factor which cannot controlled by event organiser.There are also some factors which called front room and back room factor. Back room factor are factors amenable to management control that contributes to the overall experience this includes parking, ease of getting a seat and stadium accessibility. Front room factor Facilities or elements of the event experience that are under the control of management. These front room factors relate to factors, which could be said to directly influence the spectator’s enjoyment of the event experience, which include alcohol and smoke free zones. True fan factor Attendees for whom the enjoyment of the game itself is most important.They are interested in the competitive nature of the event, the process the outcomes and the performance of the team or individual that they support. Kevin Filo, Daniel C. Funk and Danny O'Brien investigate motivates of the participants' attachment to a charity sport event. They come with four findings in which first was hobby of charity giving , second was social, reciprocity, self-esteem, need to help others in which they focused more on the charitable cause. Third group of attendants also motivated by the factors of second group but they are less focused on the charitable cause.Fourth finding of the study was the motives for charitable giving make a stronger contribution to attachment for an event with a more prominent charitable cause, while the recreation motives make a stronger contribution to attachment to an event with a less prominent charitable cause. Overall sport events have five to six dimensions of motivation to attract its visitors. Socialization, escape, Event attachment, Family and friends etc. furthermore there are some more motivational factors as true fan, drama, etc which we will discuss later. Music Festival Numbers of musical festival organised every year.According to Bowen, and Daniels (2005) music festivals are unique and special event which attract visitor to hear and view the performance (Bowen ; Daniels, 2005). They had done the research to find more about the motivations for attending a large, multi-day music festival. To find out motivation they conduct interview with visitor on the event site of Celebrate Fairfax, an annual music festival held in Virginia (USA). In the study difference factors of visitor's motivations were analyzed by dividing into three categories as Discovery, Music and Enjoyment.Factors included in these three categories were Increase knowledge of local culture, be with people from community, experience new and different things, recovery from hectic pace, listen to music, special appeal , family and friend togetherness, other non musical attraction, and party and have a fun. From the same study they try to find out whether music matters in musical festival or not? In t he answer of this question authors conclude that music is important to music festival but there are some visitor for them music is not more important.This study suggested that it is better to other non-musical factors in musical festivals. Because musical is no more important for some visitors attend on musical festival. To attract non-musical visitors event need to have some non-musical motivational factors such as socialization, fun and etc. along with musical performance. Gelder and Robinson also agreed with Bowen and Daniels that music festivals need some non-musical experience. When completed the comparative study of visitor motivation for music festival from Glastonbury and V Festival two largest music festivals in UK with 200,000 visitors.They suggested to V Festival, that it needs to include non-musical components on it as socialization, fun, and enjoyment [ (Gelder & robinson, 2009) ]. Formica and Uysal (1996) were analyzed Twenty-three motivation items including them into five different dimensions of motivation as excitement and thrills', socialization', entertainment', event novelty' and family togetherness' while comparing festival motivations of residents and non-residents for Umbria Jazz Festival in Italy.As a result they found socialization factor affect to the residential visitor and non residential visitor are motivated from ‘entertainment' factor (Formica ; Uysal, 1996). Cultural events There are different literatures and researches have done on motivation of visitor for cultural festival. In 1996 Schneider and Backman have done one study on motivation of the cultural festival visitor in Jerash Festival for culture and art festival of Jordan. In the study they tried to find out if the motivation factors are applicable for outside of North America or not?In that study they analyzed twenty three factors of motivation in five different dimensions as family togetherness/ socialization', social/leisure', festival attributes', escape' and eve nt excitement'. The result how that in spite of differences in importance of factors of motivations, the scale developed in United State was also reliable to other parts of the world like Arabic country and South Korea as well (Schneider & Backman, 1996). Formica and Uysal explored the motivation of visitor for ‘Spoleto Festival', a cultural festival in Italy in 1998.In the study they investigated on twenty-three motivation items with six factors as socialization/entertainment, event attraction/excitement', group togetherness', cultural/historical', family togetherness' and &site novelty. In the conclusion of the study they suggest that there are different in motivation between loyal and fair according to their age, income and marital status. (Formica & Uysal, 1998). In 2000 Lee compared the motivation factors of cultural festival between Caucasian and Asian visitors in the Asian setting of the Kyongju World Cultural Expo.In the expo there are performances from 48 different co untries. In his research, he studied on 32 motivation items categorising on seven different dimensions. The seven dimensions which studied by Lee were ‘cultural exploration', family togetherness', ‘escape', ‘novelty', ‘external group socialization', ‘event attractions' and known-group socialization'. From this study Lee found that the motivation level of Caucasian visitors was slightly high then of Asian visitors at Kyongju World Culture Expo. There was high motivation in regarding to cultural exploration and event attractions for both types of visitors.But the factor ‘family togetherness' found little bit weak to motivate in that expo (Lee, 2000). Lee et. al (2004) studied on the festival motivation by nationality and satisfaction. Purpose of the study was to find out the importance of festival market segmentation based on visitor motivation for promotion of event or festival. To study about segmentation of visitor they select the 2000 Kyongju Wo rld Culture Expo organised in Kyongju, South Korea. In the expo over 9000 artists from different countries performed for 87 days between September to November. According to this article More than 1. million visitors visited the expo in 2000. In this study authors identified six motivation dimensions for visitors attending the 2002 World Culture Expo as cultural exploration, family togetherness, novelty, escape, event attractions, and socialization. Among all dimensions cultural exploration found the high portion of motivation in visitors (Lee, Lee, & Wicks, 2004). Analysis of motivation Common motivation factors After reviewing the work of different authors on motivation of events visitor, we can conclude that most of motivation items in every kinds of events are common. e can combine them in five to seven different dimensions as socialization, family togetherness, novelty, escape, event attractions/ Novelty, learn and explore culture and Excitement or thrills (Chang, 2011) (Bowen & Daniels, 2005) (Formica & Uysal, 1996). Socialization: socialization is a desire to interact with a group and its members. There are two types of socialization internal and external socialization. Internal means being with friend or the people already know. External means meeting new people. Family togetherness: this is the desire to enhance family relationship.People motivated by this factor attend event to seek the opportunity to be with family, relatives and friends. At the same time they have desire of doing things together. Escape: Escape from daily routine and the things which we see or do everyday. It is a Desire to have change in usual demands of life, and desire to have some change to minimize the life’s stresses. Learning or exploring cultures – learn about or explore other cultures. Visitors motivated with this factor have a desire to gain knowledge on different kinds of cultural practices and celebrations. Excitement or thrills – desire to do some s timulation things.People excited to do these kinds of activities. Event novelty – this is the desire to do unique and new things. Every this is related to the curiosity of person. Visitor wants to do new and different things and or attending a festival that is unique. Sourse: (Foster & Robinson, 2010) (Bowdin et. al, 2011) Unique motivation factors In spite of common motivation items in every kind of events, there are some unique motivation factors for different events. For example the motivation item ‘food testing' is only applicable for food festival. Visitor may not motivate to attend in cultural expo with this motivation.According to Chang (2011) study more then one third visitor of food and wine festivals motivated with food and wine items. They have a desire to test, purchase, being familiar, increase knowledge about the food and wine (Chang, 2011). Sport event have also unique motivation factor called true fan (Hall, O’Mahony, & Vieceli, 2010). In the word s of Allison 2001, â€Å"True fans stand on terraces, they shout and sing and sometimes fight; they talk of the club as ‘we' or ‘us' and measure their lives in remembered result; they get as much misery as joy from the whole thing† (Allison, 2001, p. 51). For true fan attendees for in the event it is most important. Mostly they are interested in competitive nature of events (Hall, O’Mahony, & Vieceli, 2010). Bowen and Daniels (2005) wrote about the music festival that attract audiences for a variety of reasons but enjoying the artists’ performance is popular motivational factor for music festival or event (Pagg & Patterson, 2010) Motivation: Need to Know by Organiser As a event organiser or manager its important to understand the motives of event visitor.There are different researches, and studies which have suggestions for event managers which make clear why a manager or an organiser need to know motivation in order to organise events or festivals. Manager need to include more activities that not specifically related to the main Purpose of the event. For example Bowen and Daniels study on the topic ‘Does Music Matter? ‘ and come with the result that: music is important to music festival but there are some visitors for them music is not more important.So its better to make festival environment where visitor can socialize, fun and some non-musical experience along with music performance (Bowen & Daniels, 2005). Manager need to understand and offer key motives of events. From above study we find some key motives of visitor to attend events. As an event manager understanding of motivational factor is important to design and serve the product according to visitors desire to receive or being served (Gelder & robinson, 2009). It is important for event manager to Analysis of motivations for festival attendance for market segmentation and effective promotion.Lee suggest manager that for planning events and festival, motivat ion analysis is important to identify different needs and to segment target markets (Lee, 2000). Conclusion After study of motivations for different kinds of events, here we can combine the common motivation items in some dimension as socialization, family togetherness, novelty, escape, event attractions/ Novelty , learn and explore culture and Excitement or thrills. Which we can say the common factors that attract the visitors to attend for every kinds of events. in spite of this common factor there are some unique motivational item for each events or festival.For event organiser it is important to know the about motivation of event visitor. It helps event manager to design the event, serve the visitors and make better understanding between visitors and organisers. Bibliography Allison, L. (2001). Amateurism in sport: an analysis and a defence(Sport in the global society). Great Britain: Routledge. Aswathappa, K. (2007). Human Resource And Personnel Management. New Delhi: Tata McGr aw-Hill Education. Bowdin, G. , Allen, J. , O'Toole, W. , Harris, R. , ; McDonnell, I. (2011). Events Management (3 rd ed. ). Great Britain: Elsevier Ltd.Bowen, H. E. , ; Daniels, M. J. (2005). Does the music matter? Motivations for attending a music festival. Event Management , 9, 155–164. Bratton, J. , Forshaw, C. , Callinan, M. , ; Sawchuk, P. (2010). Work and Organizational Behaviour: Understanding the Workplace. Palgrave Macmillan. Chang, W. (2011). A teste of tourism: Visitors, motivations to attend a food festival . Event Management , 15, 151–161. Chartersa, S. , ; Ali-Knightb, J. (2002). Who is the wine tourist? Tourism Management , 23 (3), 311–319. Filo, K. , Funk, D. C. , ; O'Brien, D. (2011).Examining Motivation for Charity Sport EventParticipation: A Comparison of Recreation-Basedand Charity-Based Motives. Journal of Leisure Research , 43, 491-518. Formica, S. , & Uysal, M. (1996). A market Segmentation of festival visitor: Umbria Jazz Festival in It aly, . Festival Management and Event Tourism , 3 (4), 175-181. Formica, S. , & Uysal, M. (1998). Market Segmentation of an International Cultural-Historical Event in Italy. Journal of Travel Research , 36, 16-24. Foster, K. , & Robinson, P. (2010). A Critical Analysis of the Motivational Factors That Influence EventAttendance in Family Groups. Event Management , 14, 107–125. Funk, D. C. (2008). Consumer Behaviour in Sport and Events:Marketing Action. ElsevierLtd. Gelder, G. , & robinson, P. (2009). A critical comparative study of visitor motivation for attending music festivals: A case study of Glastonbury and V festival. Event Management , 13, 181-196. Gorman, P. (2004). Motivation and emotion. Routledge. Hall, C. , & Mitchell, R. (2001). Special interest tourism: Context and cases. In N. Douglas. N Douglas & R Derrett (Eds. ). Wine and food tourism , 307-329. Hall, J. O’Mahony, B. , & Vieceli, J. (2010). An empirical model of attendance factors at major sporting even ts. International Journal of Hospitality Management , 29, 328–334. HIXSON, E. J. , MCCABE, S. V. , & BROWN, G. (2011). EVENT ATTENDANCE MOTIVATION AND PLACE ATTACHMENT AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF YOUNG RESIDENTS IN ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Event Management , 15, 233-243. Lee, C. -K. (2000). A comparative study of Caucasian and Asian visitors to a Cultural Expo in an Asian setting. Tourism Management , 21, 169-176. Lee, C. -K. , Lee, Y. -K. , & Wicks, B. E. (2004).Segmentation of festival motivation by nationality and satisfaction. Tourism Management , 25, 61-70. Pagg, S. , & Patterson, I. (2010). Rethinking Music Festivals as a Staged Event:Gaining Insights from Understanding VisitorMotivations and the Experiences They Seek. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism , 11, 85–99,. Park, K. -S. , Reisinger, Y. , & Kang, H. -J. (2008). Visitors' Motivation for attending the south beach wine and food festival, Miami Beach Florida. Journal of Travel ; Tourism Marketing , 25 (2), 161-181. Schneider, I. E. , ; Backman, S.J. (1996). Cross-cultural equivalence of festival motivations: a study in Jordan. Festival Management and Event Tourism , 4 (4), 139-144. Shamir, B. , ; Ruskin, H. (1984). Sport Participation vs. Sport Spectatorship: Two Modes of Leisure Behavior. Journal of Leisure research , 16 (1), 9-21. Wamwara-Mbugua, L. W. , ; Cornwell, T. B. (2010). Visitor motivation to attending international festivals . Event Management , 13, 277-286. Wann, D. L. , Grieve, F. G. , Zapalac, R. K. , ; Pease, D. G. (2008). Motivational Profiles of Sport Fansof Different Sports.Sport Marheting Quarterly , 17, 6-19. Won, J. -u. , ; Kitamura, K. (2007). Comparative Analysis of Sport Consumer Motivations between South Korea and Japan. Sport MarHeting Quarterly , 16, 93-105. Working conditions in projects: perceptions of stress and motivation among project team members and project managers2003International Journal of Project Management 21449-455 Yuan, J. (. , Cai, L. A. , M orrison, A. M. , ; Linton, s. (2004). An analysis of wine festival attendees motivations:A synergy of wine, travel and special event. Journal of vacation marketing , 11 (4), 41-58.

Review

Anthem Ayn Rand Critical Essay/Review AnthemWhen I first began to read this book, I was a little hesitant because the book was relatively short and at the time I thought that short books weren't really worth reading. The novel has about 128 pages but the text is quite small. Most short books that I have read either weren't very good, or it had a sequel to it which left me with anxiety and wonder because I wanted to know what happened next. I could never do that though because I didn't have the next book. However, there was no sequel to this book; it was all together in one very well written and exciting story.Anthem is a book written by the famous author, Ayn Rand, who has also written other books such as We The Living, The Virtue of Selfishness, and Atlas Shrugged. Anthem, in my opinion, should be the most famous out of them because honestly, it is one of the best books I have read.It is almost like the book reached out into my body and sucked me in. I suggest to anyone who hasn't read a good book lately to read this on e.The book is in such a different writing style that at first it may be a little complicated to keep up with it. Equality 7-2521 is a young boy who is the main character of the story. As you can see, that seems like a very odd and unusual name and indeed it is. In this story, a person cannot have their own name or independence nor can they say the word "I"; it is known as the Unspeakable Word. If you were to say "I", you could either be punished, banned, or even executed.Anthem has this mythic and ancient feel about it, Review Review Review Having been asked to write a review as an assignment, it was only natural of me to be pulled to the write something about my favorite past time; movies. As it is widely popularized all over the world, 2012 marks the 50th anniversary of the Bond film franchise and this provided a perfect setting to produce the 23rd installment of the spy series; Skyfall. Daniel Craig, arguably the best Bond actor ever to utter the infamous shaken not stirred line, has his third outing as James Bond. The film kicks off with pre-credit action scene that culminates in a vicious hand to hand combat on top of a moving train (as if there is any other kinds of Bond fight) and climaxes with Mr. Bond assumed dead. I would not want to spoil the salient plot line, except to highlight that the circumstances do seem to drive our favorite hero to feeling a little disillusioned- and reduced to ordering a bottle of Heineken as opposed to his preferred poison. However, to the Bond fans, rest assured that he does not order this drink is a glamorous establishment. This opening sequence, coupled with a catchy theme song by Adele, serves up one of the best openings of any Bond norm. And so my hopes were extremely high, until the film thrust into what seems like an unnecessary blend of the Chekhov and John LeCarre slated into a conventional Bond film: undercover spies are in peril, there are chances of a mole in the organization, top governmental secrets have been leaked, Director M is facing both personal and professional threats and when Bond finally surfaces, he is feeling more than a little betrayed and shaken, not stirred, to his foundation. Everyone who has watched a traditional Bond film knows that there isnt any conventional rogue asset to blame, but a captivating arch villain (Empire, 2012). Javier Bardem plays the renegade asset with a couple to scores to settle with Director M. He seems to be particularly skilled in employing what seems like hundreds of well trained but nameless arms men whose primary purpose seems to be getting killed. The movie, directed by Sam Mendes, is still quite entertaining. The action scenes are well staged, predominantly the aforementioned opening sequence and a climax that involves daring, not only for the appealing Bond but also for Judi Dench and the grizzled Albert Finney. Ralph Fiennes is a superb addition to the cast as a firm but sympathetic bureaucrat. Bardem is pleasantly over the top as the chief protagonist, and the Bond girls- one nice, one naughty- are rather limited in their contributions to the plot. The jury is still out as far as the current state of the Bond series and Daniel Craig is concerned. Craig is a capable actor, but his portrayal of Bond is somewhat unpleasant and would not be entirely out of place in a spy film, say, on the order of a Graham Green or a LeCarre project. In the last couple of productions, Craigs performance seems devoid of appeal; there is little flamboyance to his one-liners and no delight when he gets to do what the things Bonds characters do best- that does not involve ending peoples lives. Current Bond films want to offer two viewpoints in their plots: they want to achieve a certain emotional and intellectual complexity to the franchise, while still maintaining an extremely pragmatic, though thrilling, action scenes. The challenge is that now there is a distinct sluggishness between the set pieces. Additionally, when one is given more time to critically asses the film, one can criticizes almost everything, including how many times Bond had the vill ain in his sights. However, the ending does provide a glimmer of hope that the Bond series will be back to real business in the foreseeable future- someone take the Heineken of his hands and get this man a martini, shaken not stirred.

Native American Fashions

Native American Fashions Fashion trends come and go but like the little black dress some garb never goes out of style. Footwear, accessories and clothing with Native American influences have surfaced as fashion staples, cycling in and out of designer collections for decades. But is this cultural appropriation or high fashion’s attempt to salute indigenous cultures? Clothing chains such as Urban Outfitters have come under fire for labeling their goods â€Å"Navajo† with reportedly no input from the Navajo Nation. To boot, bloggers are increasingly taking to task non-Natives who wear headdresses and other indigenous apparel to play a cross-cultural game of dress up. By supporting indigenous designers and learning more about the missteps the fashion world has made in regards to Native dress, you can avoid making the ultimate fashion faux pas- cultural insensitivity. Native American Fashion Staples Cultural appropriation is probably the last thing on shoppers’ minds when they hit the mall. Many consumers have no clue they’re wearing an item that has blatantly co-opted Native American culture. The rise of boho chic has especially blurred the lines. A shopper may associate a pair of feather earrings they like with hippies and bohemians and not with Native Americans. But the feather earrings, feather hair accessories and beaded jewelry on the contemporary fashion market largely owe their inspiration to indigenous cultures. The same goes for fringe purses, vests and boots, not to mention mukluks, moccasins and Native American prints on clothing. It’s certainly not a crime to wear these fashion items. But it’s important to recognize when cultural appropriation occurs and that some of the Native apparel commodified don’t just have cultural significance but also spiritual significance in Native American communities. The leather fringe purse you’re crazy about may look great with your new outfit, but it’s actually modeled after a medicine bag, which has religious importance in indigenous cultures. You might also consider researching the manufacturers who peddle apparel with Native American influences. Are Native American designers employed by the company? Does the business do anything to give back to indigenous communities? Playing Dress Up as an Indian While countless consumers will inadvertently buy products inspired by indigenous cultures, some will make a conscious decision to appropriate Native dress. This is a misstep made by trendy hipsters and high fashion magazines alike. Attending an outdoor music festival wearing a headdress, face paint, leather fringe and beaded jewelry isn’t a fashion statement but a mockery of aboriginal cultures. Just as dressing up as a Native American would be inappropriate for Halloween, it’s offensive to pile on pseudo-Native attire to get in touch with your inner hippie at a rock concert, especially when you know little about the clothing’s cultural significance. Fashion magazines such as Vogue and Glamour have been accused of cultural insensitivity by featuring fashion spreads in which white models â€Å"go primitive† by wearing Native-inspired fashions and including no Native American designers, photographers or other consultants in the process. Lisa Wade of the webs ite Sociological Images says, â€Å"These cases romanticize Indian-ness, blur separate traditions (as well as the real and the fake), and some disregard Indian spirituality. They all happily forget that, before white America decided that American Indians were cool, some whites did their absolute best to kill and sequester them. †¦So, no, it’s not cute to wear a feather in your hair or carry an Indian rug clutch, it’s thoughtless and insensitive.† Supporting Native Designers If you enjoy indigenous fashions, consider buying them directly from First Nations designers and artisans throughout North America. You can find them at Native American cultural heritage events, powwows and marketplaces. Also, academic Jessica Metcalfe runs a blog called Beyond Buckskin that features indigenous fashions, brands and designers such as Sho Sho Esquiro, Tammy Beauvais, Disa Tootoosis, Virgil Ortiz and Turquoise Soul, to name a few. Buying indigenous apparel and accessories from an artisan directly is an entirely different experience than buying Native-inspired goods from a corporation. Take Priscilla Nieto, an accomplished jewelry maker from the Santo Domingo Pueblo. She says, â€Å"We put good intentions into our work, and look forward to the person who will wear it. We do a prayer- a blessing- for the wearer of the piece, and we hope they accept this with their heart- all of the teaching from the parents and from our family.†

Transnational Corporations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Transnational Corporations - Essay Example The transnational corporations have large revenues and can exercise more power than the individual states across which they operate. The companies ‘command enormous financial resources, possess vast technical resources, and they have extensive global reach’ (CSIDS, n.d, p.1). It has been noted that the combined revenue of General Motors and Ford is larger than the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (Ward, 2003). Comparable statistics and facts apply to other giant automobile corporations in the world and the individual economy of certain countries. It then beats logic in the kind of influence that these transnational corporations can have on the regional and global economy. As such, the transnational corporations have significant market power (Ietto-Gillies, 2012). They play significant roles and they have negative and positive impacts on the local, regional, and global development issues. This paper focuses on the roles that the T NCs play in shaping the global economy and the significant impacts that have been observed from the move to go global. The domination of these large corporations in different sector of the world economy is illustrated. The impacts of the TNC Significant developments have been recorded in the foreign direct investments by the transnational corporations since the 1980s with the TNCs taking different forms (Lundan, 2011, p.640). Significant increases have also been observed in the worth of the FDIs. For instance, the total global foreign direct investment in 2002 amounted to about $651bn (CSIDS, n.d). The developed nations are the major home countries for the foreign direct investors and the countries receive much of the proceeds from the investments. Much literature is available that focus on the impacts of TNCs on the home countries (the developed nations) and the literatures conclude that the outflows in Foreign direct investments relates positively with the net productivity in the home country (Sauvant, 2008, p.229). To the developing nations, the foreign direct investments provide the largest source of external finance to the home economy (CSIDS, n.d). Nonetheless, it is still debatable as to whether the transnational corporations help in developing this underdeveloped nations or the corporations are just in pursuit of their interest and do not care about their negative impacts on the society. In as much as the organizations may be considered sources of funds to the recipient nations, it is also worthwhile to note that the organizations are out to seek profits. Efforts to have a state of balance between these two conflicting roles (a profit-seeking organization and source of funds to the recipient country) lead to mixture of negative impacts of the transnational corporations on the national and regional economies. Potential benefits of TNCs One of the positive impacts of the TNCs is that they create employment opportunities in the recipient nations (CSIDS, n .d). Availability of cheap labor is one among the factors that drive a company to go global and establish its FDIs in